Studying the Mechanisms of Nitro Compounds Reduction (A-Review)

Abstract

The article describes some variants of mechanisms of nitro compounds reduction, offered by authors in the scientific literature. The focus is on the description of the work of Kazakh and Russian chemists working in the field of catalysis. In most of the works, the classical scheme of the mechanism of the hydrogenation of Haber-Lukashevich nitrobenzene is confirmed and detailed by experimental methods. One of the interesting aspect of the article is description the mechanism of Ya.A. Dorfman which used the orbital theory of catalysis. The orbital approach of the Ya.A. Dorfman mechanism is constructed in the light of modern orbital representations and is valid for the hydrogenation of the nitro group on various catalysts. Among the discussed mechanisms are ideas of Haber, Debus, Jungers, V.P. Shmonina, Lukashevich, M. Geirovsky, Yu. B. Vasilyev, M.V. Klyuev, E.F. Weinstein, E. Gelder, Ya.A. Dorfman and others.

Preparation of palladated porous nitrogen-doped carbon using halloysite as porogen: disclosing its utility as a hydrogenation catalyst

“…In addition, it can be observed that the presence of electron-donating group (-NH 2 ) led to decrease of the yield of the reaction due to the stabilization of resonance effects to the nitro functionality 54 . According to the literature, in the case of halogen substituted reagent, dehalogenation may be responsible for low yield 55 . www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ In the following, the effects of carbonization of MT, Glu shell and Hal etching on the catalytic activity were studied.…”

Effective Catalysts for the Selective Restoration of Aromatic Mono- And Dinitro Compounds

“…DAS can be used to produce phosphorescent whiteners for fibers and paper. Catalysts based on supported palladium catalysts with the addition of platinum and rhodium showed high selectivity during hydrogenation during the reduction of both nitro groups and the aromatic ring in nitrobenzene using isopropanol and ethanol as solvents [2,3,8]. The role of palladium in catalytic reactions is largely determined by the different structure of active sites on its surface.…”

“…Despite the high cost, the catalysts based on platinum group metals are widely used in the hydrogenation of organic compounds, in particular, for the production of aromatic amines from the corresponding nitro compounds. A special role in this is played by the catalysts of the platinum group deposited on various carriers [8,14]. The reduction of 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene in the presence of iridium and platinum catalysts was studied and it was established that the limiting stage of the process is the step of converting the corresponding arylhydroxylamine into an amino compound.…”

On the stability and existence of nitro-graphene, nitro-graphane, and nitro-graphene oxide

“…However, materials with such a damaged graphene backbone are poor conductors and subjected to rapid degeneration. In the same time, the rich chemistry of nitro compounds (especially a large number of possible reduced forms) [22] encourage great potential in the RedOx applications of graphene with covalently bonded nitro groups.…”