Studying of Phototransformation of Light Signal by Photoreceptor Pigments - Rhodopsin, Iodopsin and Bacteriorhodopsin

Abstract

This review article views predominately the structure and function of animal and bacterial photoreceptor pigments (rhodopsin, iodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin) and their aspects of nano-and biotechnological usage. On an example of bacteriorhodopsin is described the method of its isolation from purple membranes of photo-organotrophic halobacterium Halobacterium halobium by cellular autolysis by distilled water, processing of bacterial biomass by ultrasound at 22 KHz, alcohol extraction of low and high-weight molecular impurities, cellular RNA, carotenoids and lipids, the solubilization with 0,5 % (w/v) SDS-Na and subsequent fractionation by methanol and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-200 Column balanced with 0.09 M Tris-borate buffer (pH = 8,35) with 0,1 % (w/v) SDS-Na and 2,5 mM EDTA. Within the framework of the research the mechanism of color perception by the visual analyzer having the ability to analyze certain ranges of the optical spectrum, as colors was studied along with an analysis of the additive mixing of two colors. It was shown that at the mixing of electromagnetic waves with different wavelengths, the visual analyzer perceive them as separate or average wave length corresponding to mix color.Keywords: vision; rhodopsin; iodopsin; bacteriorhodopsin; additive color mixing. IntroductionVision (visual perception) is a process of psycho-physiological processing of the images of surrounding objects, carried out by the visual system, which allows to get an idea of the size, shape and color of surrounding objects, their relative position and distance between them. By means of this animals can receive 90 % of all incoming information to the brain.The function of the visual system is carried out through various interrelated complex structures designated as visual analyzer, consisting of a peripheral part (retina, optic nerve, optic tract) and the central department of combining stem and subcortical centers of the midbrain, as

A Comparative Analysis of the Camera-like Eyes of Jumping Spiders and Humans

“…Karsch, 1878 [ 23 ]. In humans, cones are normally the basis of trichromatic vision in the violet-blue (λ max ≈ 430 nm), yellow-green (λ max ≈ 530 nm) and yellow-red (λ max ≈ 560 nm) parts of the spectrum [ 24 , 25 ]. Depending on the species of jumping spider, the size of the field of view of the fovea, which is elongated in the vertical direction, is estimated from 0.8°, as in P. fimbriata [ 26 ], to 5.0°, as in Metaphiddipus aeneolus Curtis [ 17 ], horizontally and 20°, as in M. aeneolus [ 17 ], vertically.…”

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“…According to the nutrition type halobacteria are predominantly aerobic microorganisms, e.g. they require oxygen for the growth, but they also can tolerate the very low oxygen content in growth media (hemoorganotrophs) [4]. Furthermore, halobacteria can use a wide range of organic compounds for the growth as amino acids, carbohydrates and organic acids.…”