Study on the Development of the Electric Tractor

Ueka, Yuko; Yamashita, Jun; Sato, Kazunobu; Doi, Yoshinori

doi:10.1016/s1881-8366(13)80003-1

Cited by 41 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…For instance, the electric telehandler 525-60E by JCB [64], which is considered to be within both the construction and agricultural categories, has two electric motors (17 kW and 22 kW), and it follows the trend of the front-end loaders, since, due to a relatively better efficiency, its power-toweight ratio is slightly lower than the ICE-based one. Still, with respect to agricultural machinery, in [65], the retrofitting of a 9.6-kW diesel tractor is presented, whereby the engine is replaced with a 10-kW electric motor, with a slightly higher operating weight. Lastly, in the mining category, the biggest battery electric vehicle is the Swiss e-dumper, retrofitted from a Komatsu HD-605 [66]; while the original version has a diesel engine of 578 kW, the electric one has a 673-kW motor, but, at the same time, the operating weight of the electric version is higher and the power-to-weight ratio remains similar.…”

Section: State Of the Arts And Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrification of Compact Off-Highway Vehicles—Overview of the Current State of the Art and Trends

et al. 2021

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Electrified vehicles have undergone great evolution during the last decade because of the increasing attention paid on environmental sustainability, greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Emission regulations are becoming increasingly tight, and governments have been allocating multiple funds to facilitate the spreading of the so-called green mobility. In this context, steering towards electrified solutions not only for passenger vehicles, but also for compact off-highway vehicles extensively employed, for instance, on construction sites located in urban areas, warehouses, and greenhouses, is essential even if seldom considered. Moreover, the electrification of compact off-highway machinery may allow manufacturers to increase their expertise in and lower the costs of these alternative solutions, while gathering useful data to be applied in bigger and more remunerative off-highway vehicles. In fact, while electric automobiles are as of now real alternatives for buyers, off-highway vehicles, regardless of the application, are mostly in the research and experimental phase, with few of them already on the market. This delay, in comparison with the passenger automotive industry, is caused by different factors, mostly related to the different tasks of off-highway vehicles in terms of duty cycles, productivity performance parameters and user acceptability. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the many aspects of the electrification of compact off-highway vehicles, to highlight the key differences between on-highway and off-highway vehicles and to summarize in a single source of information the multiple solutions investigated by researchers and manufacturers.

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Section: State Of the Arts And Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrification of Compact Off-Highway Vehicles—Overview of the Current State of the Art and Trends

et al. 2021

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“…According to Equations (4), (5), and (19), the internal power consumption of the battery can be obtained, and the optimal control problem can be formulated as…”

Section: Power Distribution Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, the powertrains of PETs on the market are mostly driven by a single motor, whereby the diesel engine is replaced by batteries and a motor and the original multi-gear transmission is retained [5][6][7]. Considering the different power requirements of tractors under various working conditions, the motor often works in a low-efficiency region under low-load conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Optimization of a Dual-Input Coupling Powertrain System: A Case Study for Electric Tractors

Xie

et al. 2020

Applied Sciences

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In this study, a dual-input coupling powertrain system (DICPS) was proposed to improve the energy utilization efficiency of pure electric tractors (PETs). The working principles of the DICPS under different modes were analyzed and dynamic models were established. To study the influence of changing key parameters in the DICPS on the economic performance of PETs, a parameter-matching design method was proposed and the feasible region of the design parameters was determined according to the tractor’s dynamic performance. In addition, we put forward an energy management strategy (EMS) based on the optimal system efficiency and a dual-motor-driven electric tractor (DMET) model was built in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results revealed that different parameter configurations of DICPS will lead to significant changes in overall efficiency, with a maximum difference of 6.6% (under a rotary tillage cycle). We found that the optimal parameter configuration for the DMET under two typical working conditions was PDR = 0.5, k = 1.6. Compared with the single-motor powertrain system (SMPS), the DICPS with the optimal configuration of key parameters can significantly improve overall efficiency by about 9.8% (under a plowing cycle).

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“…Electric tractors have the advantages of zero-emission, no pollution, high energy efficiency, and low noise, which is the direction of the future development and transformation of agricultural power machinery. Tractors with electric motors as the main power unit can simultaneously match a variety of power sources, such as batteries, power grids, generator sets, and other power sources, which can better deal with the shortage of petroleum resources in the future and improve air pollution problems caused by mechanized agricultural production [1,2]. Due to the large number of types of power generation energy, if the proportion of clean energy in the power system is high, the wide application of electric tractors will significantly reduce carbon emissions, which is conducive to the sustainable development of agricultural environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Objective Optimization and Test of a Tractor Drive Motor

Liu

Yan-ying

Zhao

et al. 2022

WEVJ

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The design objectives of the structural parameters of the tractor drive motor are diverse, and the constraints are complex. It is difficult to optimize the overall performance of the unit by using the empirical method and single-objective optimization method. This paper proposes a multi-objective optimization method for tractor drive motors based on an improved Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). Constraints are formulated according to the inherent characteristics of the motor itself and the characteristics of the tractor’s working conditions. The objective function was established with the heat loss of the drive motor and the total efficiency of the drive system. Based on the designed solution process of NSGA-II algorithm, an example optimization was carried out, and the tractor electromechanical drive system was carried out with the single-objective optimization results of the optimal energy use efficiency of the drive motor and the optimal mechanical transmission efficiency of the transmission system as the control group. The test results show that compared with the control group, the proposed multi-objective optimization method can make the overall tractor system efficiency the highest, and the maximum and rated values of the total efficiency ηq of the drive system of the multi-objective optimization design scheme. Compared with the optimal design scheme with ηme as a single objective, it was increased by 2% and 1.4%, respectively, and compared with the optimal design scheme with ηtr as a single objective, it is improved by 26.5% and 73.6%, respectively. It can provide an effective calculation method for the motor design problem in the subsequent development of the tractor electromechanical drive system.

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Study on the Development of the Electric Tractor

Cited by 41 publications

References 2 publications

Electrification of Compact Off-Highway Vehicles—Overview of the Current State of the Art and Trends

Electrification of Compact Off-Highway Vehicles—Overview of the Current State of the Art and Trends

Design and Optimization of a Dual-Input Coupling Powertrain System: A Case Study for Electric Tractors

Multi-Objective Optimization and Test of a Tractor Drive Motor

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