“…3) ULIU and other urban systems interact with and constrain each other. From the perspective of system theory, ULIU has coupling and coordinated development relationships with other systems such as city size (EddieHui et al, 2015), new urbanization (Li et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2018), economic and social development (Gong, 2013), industrial structure (Zhang and Weng, 2022), carbon emissions (Wang, 2020), urban land price (Liang et al, 2019), and ecological security (Cen et al, 2015). In addition, ULIU has been found to have significantly positive effects on economic development (Yang, 2020), carbon emission efficiency (Xie et al, 2018), air pollutant emission (Liang et al, 2018), urban land expansion (Zhu et al, 2020), and transportation (Zhao et al, 2021).…”