“…The type-token ratio (TTR) can also be considered a variant of the species diversity equation, and is text size dependent, however, it is a popular metric, and we mitigate any size impacts and avoid issues near the asymptote of word counts by keeping all the samples of each novel of equal size and at 4000 words, well below 10,000 where other techniques perform better; further, we use Richness as part of a larger multivariate technique (Juola & Mikros, 2016;Kimura & Tanaka-Ishii, 2014;Kubát & Milička, 2013;Tanaka-Ishii & Aihara, 2015;Van Gijsel, Speelman, & Geeraerts, 2005;Vermeer, 2000).…”