Study of Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Array for the Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Abstract

Abstract-Highly ordered, self-organized TiO 2 nanotube arrays (TNA) have been successfully prepared by anodization of titanium foil in ethylene glycol electrolyte containing 0.01% ammonium fluoride (NH4F). The effect of variation of applied anodization voltage ranging from 50V to 57 V on the morphology of the TNA has been studied using field emission scanning electron microscope. The increase in applied voltage enhances average pore size from 34nm to 58nm and reduces wall thickness. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has been used to evaluate the amount of dye absorption on the surface of various TNA which reveals direct correlation between the dye absorption and the morphology of the sample.

TiO2 as an Anode of High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review towards Practical Application

“…The final step with 20 V 1 h anodization gave compact and small-diameter nanotubes without any noticeable defects. That slight variations in applied potentials can cause a change in tube diameter was also revealed by Bhardwaj et al [135]. Here, the anodization voltage was varied: 50 V, 52 V, 55 V, and 57 V. The resulting tube diametera are 34 nm, 44 nm, 53 nm, and 58 nm, respectively.…”

Old is Gold: Electrolyte Aging Influences the Topography, Chemistry, and Bioactivity of Anodized TiO2 Nanopores

“…The findings show that within the initial few seconds the current density remained stable at the maximum point (5 mA/cm 2 ) for all groups, while anodization voltage was increased toward the maximum value (60 V). After reaching the set point (60 V), the voltage remained stable while the current density started to decrease swiftly, which represented the formation of an initial oxide barrier layer on the Ti substrate . Next, the current density decreased for 10–60 s and then remained comparatively steady, during which the Ti oxidization and TiO 2 dissolution established an equilibrium at which TiO 2 nanostructures started to form. , …”

“…After reaching the set point (60 V), the voltage remained stable while the current density started to decrease swiftly, which represented the formation of an initial oxide barrier layer on the Ti substrate. 8 Next, the current density decreased for 10−60 s and then remained comparatively steady, during which the Ti oxidization and TiO 2 dissolution established an equilibrium at which TiO 2 nanostructures started to form. 21,26 Anodizing in more-conductive fresh electrolyte is easier for the initial establishment of the electric field around the anode; thus, EA voltage rapidly reaches its set value (60 V).…”

“…Titanium (Ti) is an ideal material choice for orthopedic and dental implants due to its mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. − However, Ti is bioinert in nature, and this limited bioactivity may compromise osseointegration and wound healing at the implant–bone interface, especially in patients with inferior bone conditions. ,, Hence, to promote wound healing and tissue integration on the Ti implant surface, various surface modification techniques have been studied and employed. − The initial Ti implant surfaces were created by macroscale machining techniques to yield the “first-generation” implant surfaces, which were smooth at the microscale and showed limited bioactivity. , In order to enhance osseointegration, microscale physical modifications on Ti surfaces (such as micromachining and sand blasting-acid etching, SLA) have been applied by creating a microroughened surface (Ra = 1–2 μm). , To further enhance tissue integration and obtain a “bioactive” implant surface, various techniques have been applied to functionalize the microrough Ti surface. These include creating micro/nanoscale topographies and applying chemical (doping Ca 2+ ions/enhancing wettability, SLActive) or bioactive (protein immobilization) coatings. − …”