Study of the Variation of Phenolic Acid and Flavonoid Content from Fresh Artemisiae argyi Folium to Moxa Wool

Abstract

Artemisiae argyi Folium (AAF) is a popular herbal medicine that is always employed in moxa sticks and by oral dosage in clinical use. Less attention has been paid to nonvolatile compounds as active compounds, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. In this study, we focused on the variation rule of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the various transformations of Artemisiae argyi Folium. Using the established ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method with an excellent methodology under “spider-web” mode, six phenolic acids and three flavonoids were simultaneously quantified in fresh and drying Artemisiae argyi Folium as well as in moxa wool and residue. Some interesting phenomena about the variation rule of phenolic acids and flavonoids were uncovered. First, a sharp increase was observed in the detected compounds’ content as the moisture gradually decreased, when fresh Artemisiae argyi Folium was exposed to sunlight and ambient or high temperature. Nevertheless, the increased phenolic acids were subjected to high temperature, leading to obvious degradation under oven-drying (60 °C and 80 °C). Second, a wide content distribution was revealed for the detected compounds in Artemisiae argyi Folium from different habitats, especially rutin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, jaceosidin, eupatilin, and cryptochlorogenic acid. Third, accompanied by the elevated ratio of Artemisiae argyi Folium/moxa wool, the detected compounds conspicuously decreased in moxa wool and the correspondingly removed powder as residue. Importantly, a greater variation was found in moxa wool. Our findings contribute to the optimization of the drying process, the quality evaluation of the various transformations of Artemisiae argyi Folium, and the distinctive characterization of moxa wool produced at different ratios of Artemisiae argyi Folium/moxa wool.

Phytochemical‑rich herbal formula ATG‑125 protects against sucrose‑induced gastrocnemius muscle atrophy by rescuing Akt signaling and improving mitochondrial dysfunction in young adult mice

“…Herbal products contain several phytochemicals, such as carotenoids and polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic acids, saponins and lignans, all of which have proven health benefits (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44). In Taiwan, herbal formula ATG-125 has been used in traditional therapy as it is believed to treat numerous ailments, including inflammation, muscle spasms, oral ulcers, wounds and rheumatic pain for several decades.…”

“…Traditionally, these plants have been used for centuries for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and healing properties. Different classes of bioactive constituents are present in ATG-125, including several pseudoalkaloids, phenols and flavonoids, thus resulting in a pharmaceutical composition comprised of a mixture of chlorogenic acid ( 36 – 38 ), leonurine ( 29 , 39 ), schaftoside ( 40 ), rutin ( 36 ), isoschaftoside ( 41 ), isochlorogenic acid ( 38 ), quercetin ( 42 , 43 ), apigenin ( 43 , 44 ), glycyrrhizic acid ( 35 ), curcumin ( 33 , 34 ) and artemisetin ( 27 ), all of which contribute to its medicinal properties.…”

Chemical Composition Analysis and Discrimination of Essential Oils of Artemisia Argyi Folium from Different Germplasm Resources Based on Electronic Nose and GC/MS Combined with Chemometrics

“…[1] It has the effects of warming channel for arresting bleeding, eliminating cold to stop the pain and activating blood stasis. [2,3] A. argyi has a long medicinal history, high medicinal value and abundant resources, which is widely distributed in most regions of East Asia. [4] Because of different climates in different places, it has different germplasm resources of A. argyi.…”

Identification of Q-Markers from Hedan Tablet by employing “spider-web” mode and taking compounds’ hepatotoxicity into account

“…Fortunately, under the guidance of the Q-Marker theory proposed by Academician Changxiao Liu, it sheds the light for the quality control of CMM related preparations with the complicated compounds ( Liu et al, 2016 , Liu et al, 2017 , Liu, 2021 ). In order to identify Q-Markers from CMM related preparations, “spider-web” mode was successfully developed and extended to apply in stability study, optimization of extracting methods and processing parameters, screening of active fractions, and so on ( Li et al, 2019b , Wang et al, 2016 , Yang et al, 2018 , Yu et al, 2018 , Zhang et al, 2019a ). “Spider-web” mode based on “content-stability-activity” has been proven to be a great strategy, which can filter out the redundant compounds and focus on the key indexes of quality control ( Zhang et al, 2020 ).…”