Study of the piezoionic effect and influence of electrolyte in conducting polymer based soft strain sensors

Woehling, Vincent; Nguyen, Giao; Plesse, Cédric; Petel, Yael; Dobashi, Yuta; Madden, John D. W.; Michal, Carl A.; Vidal, Frédéric

doi:10.1088/2399-7532/ab56a2

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Given the reversibility of both the counter-ion movement in the nanopores and of the mechanical response of the matrix, the electrochemomechanical coupling should also result in an incorporation or expulsion of ions and thus in an electrical voltage between porous medium and electrolyte, when an external pressure is applied to the porous medium in an open-circuit configuration. This so-called piezoionic effect is still controversially debated in the literature, being attributed to stress gradient induced ion motion, to Donnan potentials arising at the PPy/electrolyte interface, or to the superposition of both (24). However, for this reverse, sensoric function, we expect the coupling coefficient to be particularly small, since it should be inversely proportional to the large charge-strain coupling parameter A* determined above.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Giant electrochemical actuation in a nanoporous silicon-polypyrrole hybrid material

et al. 2020

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The absence of piezoelectricity in silicon makes direct electromechanical applications of this mainstream semiconductor impossible. Integrated electrical control of the silicon mechanics, however, would open up new perspectives for on-chip actuorics. Here, we combine wafer-scale nanoporosity in single-crystalline silicon with polymerization of an artificial muscle material inside pore space to synthesize a composite that shows macroscopic electrostrain in aqueous electrolyte. The voltage-strain coupling is three orders of magnitude larger than the best-performing ceramics in terms of piezoelectric actuation. We trace this huge electroactuation to the concerted action of 100 billions of nanopores per square centimeter cross section and to potential-dependent pressures of up to 150 atmospheres at the single-pore scale. The exceptionally small operation voltages (0.4 to 0.9 volts), along with the sustainable and biocompatible base materials, make this hybrid promising for bioactuator applications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Giant electrochemical actuation in a nanoporous silicon-polypyrrole hybrid material

et al. 2020

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“…Given the reversibility of both the counter-ion movement in the nanopores and of the mechanical response of the matrix, the electrochemomechanical coupling should also result in an incorporation or expulsion of ions and thus in an electrical voltage between porous medium and electrolyte, when an external pressure is applied to the porous medium in an open-circuit configuration. This so-called "piezoionic effect" is still controversially debated in the literature, being attributed either to stress gradient induced ion motion, to Donnan potentials arising at the polypyrrole/electrolyte interface or to the superposition of both (24). However, for this reverse, sensoric function, we expect the coupling coefficient to be particularly small, since it should be inversely proportional to the large charge-strain coupling parameter A * determined above.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Silicon Flexes Muscles: Giant Electrochemical Actuation in a Nanoporous Silicon-Polypyrrole Hybrid Material

Brinker,

Dittrich,

Richert

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The absence of piezoelectricity in silicon makes direct electro-mechanical applications of this mainstream semiconductor impossible. Integrated electrical control of the silicon mechanics, however, would open up new perspectives for on-chip actuorics. Here, we combine wafer-scale nanoporosity in single-crystalline silicon with polymerization of an artificial muscle material inside pore space to synthesize a composite that shows macroscopic electros-1

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“…[51] This result indicates that the formulation of the PEDOT:PSS electrodes does not have a direct impact on the strain-to-charge ratio, which mostly depends on the nature of the electrolyte. [22,51] As a consequence, it can be hypothesized that the improvement of the electromechanical response rises predominantly from the softening of the electrodes and from the increase of their electroactivity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This low voltage and electrochemically controlled insertion or expulsion of counter-ions is generating reversible volumetric changes of the ECPs that can be exploited to generate mechanical work. On the other side, mechanotransduction-converting strain or stress into voltage output-has also been demonstrated, [19][20][21][22][23] bringing the additional sensing functionality to these actuating materials, similar to the proprioception of biological muscles. [24,25] Depending on their synthesis and on the device configuration, soft actuators able to produce contraction, expansion, bending, or torsional rotation under low external electrical stimulation have been demonstrated over the years.…”

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confidence: 99%

Asymmetric PEDOT:PSS Trilayers as Actuating and Sensing Linear Artificial Muscles

Rohtlaid

Nguyen

Ebrahimi‐Takalloo

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Technologies

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Soft ionic actuators and sensors have been intensively studied over the last 20 years. The bending trilayer configuration has been considered a standard architecture, allowing the development of new materials and their optimization. However, bending deformation remains low in force output and presents limited integration capabilities in fast emerging fields like humanoid robotics and actuating textiles. A generalizable architecture of asymmetric supercapacitor‐like trilayers is presented to develop open‐air linear artificial muscles that actuate and sense. First, tuning of electromechanical properties of asymmetric electrodes is performed separately by combining poly(3,4‐ethyl‐enedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) with a polyethylene oxide network and 1‐ethyl‐3methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide as additives. By varying their content, electronic conductivity can be tuned between 20 and 457 S cm−1, Young's modulus from 1.5 to 0.27 GPa, and volumetric charge density increased by 36%. Asymmetric trilayers are then fabricated using a simple layer stacking process by selecting the optimal combination of materials according to an electromechanical model. Linear strain of 0.5% is obtained in 30 s under ±2 V with 70% of the deformation within 5 s and blocking stress as high as 0.3 MPa. When mechanically stimulated, these asymmetric trilayers demonstrate linear sensing as well, with a sensitivity of 0.38 mV %−1.

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Study of the piezoionic effect and influence of electrolyte in conducting polymer based soft strain sensors

Cited by 22 publications

References 43 publications

Giant electrochemical actuation in a nanoporous silicon-polypyrrole hybrid material

Giant electrochemical actuation in a nanoporous silicon-polypyrrole hybrid material

Silicon Flexes Muscles: Giant Electrochemical Actuation in a Nanoporous Silicon-Polypyrrole Hybrid Material

Asymmetric PEDOT:PSS Trilayers as Actuating and Sensing Linear Artificial Muscles

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