Study of the photolytic and photocatalytic transformation of amiloride in water

The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment due to human use – present knowledge and future challenges

“…The presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment demonstrates at the very least their incomplete degradation and elimination in sewage treatment. The importance of transformation products in photo-transformation has been demonstrated (Mé ndez-Arriaga et al, 2008; Calza et al, 2008). The authors found that hydroxyl transformation products were the most important residual compounds after the photocatalytic treatment of ibuprofen and amiloride, respectively.…”

Some ozone advanced oxidation processes to improve the biological removal of selected pharmaceutical contaminants from urban wastewater

“…Because of the presence of active biochemical principles in their molecules, pharmaceuticals, once released to water environments, present potential hazardous effects on humans and aquatic ecosystems [6,7]. Removal of these contaminants should be achieved in conventional wastewater treatment plants, mainly through biological oxidation, but these systems are not specifically designed for this role.…”

Evaluation of direct and indirect photodegradation of mianserin with high-performance liquid chromatography and short-term bioassays

“…Solar radiation is one of the important abiotic factor influencing the decomposition of chemical compounds present in the environment. Drug substances and drug products, which are found in the environment, may be decomposed under exposure to light, which is confirmed by numerous studies (Calza et al, 2008;Kwon and Armbrust, 2004;Kim and Tanaka, 2009). There are two types of photoreaction, direct and indirect photodegradation (Wang and Lin, 2014).…”

“…Sunlight photolysis could increase the toxicity of pharmaceuticals (Wang and Lin, 2014). For example, research of acute toxicity on Vibrio fischeri, showed that during irradiation of amiloride more toxic compound(s) were created (Calza et al, 2008). Guidelines for the photodegradation of chemicals in laboratory conditions were developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and they also apply to studies of photodegradation of pharmaceuticals (USEPA 1998a(USEPA , 1998b.…”