Study of soil expansion characteristics in rainfall-induced red-bed shallow landslides: Microscopic and macroscopic perspectives

Zhou, Cuiying; Cui, Guanghui; Yin, Huiming; Lei, Yu; Xu, Gankai; Liu, Zhen; Zhang, Lihai

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246214

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The water immersion test results indicate that sandstone is more susceptible to dissolution by water [19]. Additionally, the experiment on the wave velocity of mudstone during the dry-wet process reveals that the strength attenuation of mudstone is significantly reduced [42,43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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The Mechanism of Mineral Dissolution on the Development of Red-Bed Landslides in the Wudongde Reservoir Region

Ye,

Liu,

Shi

et al. 2024

Minerals

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The Wudongde reservoir region exhibits a notable prevalence of landslides within the red-bed reservoir stratum. The red bed is a clastic sedimentary rock layer dominated by red continental deposits. It is mainly composed of sandstone, mudstone, and siltstone. The lithology is diverse and uneven. In this study, we delve into the impact of mineral dissolution on the development of red-bed landslides in the reservoir area by utilizing the Xiaochatou landslide as a representative case study. Considering the inherent susceptibility of red-bed formations to erosion, collapse, and softening when exposed to water, an investigation was conducted to examine the consequences of mineral dissolution on landslides occurring in these areas. We conducted a mineral analysis and an identification of rock samples from the Xiaochatou landslide site, revealing alternating layers of sandstone and mudstone. Sandstone and conglomerate specimens were immersed in deionized water, and advanced techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ion chromatography (IC), and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis were used to examine the effects of water immersion. We also employed the hydrogeochemical simulation software PHREEQC to understand the dissolution mechanism of gypsum during soaking. Our findings reveal that sandstone and conglomerates harbor a notable quantity of gypsum, which readily dissolves in water. Prolonged immersion leads to erosion cavities within the sandstone, thereby augmenting its permeability. The concentration of SO42− ions in the soaking solution emerges as the highest, followed by Ca2+ and Na+. The notable significance is the dissolution of gypsum, whose intricate mechanism is contingent upon diverse environmental conditions. Variations in ion concentration profoundly influence the saturation index (SI) value, with the pH value playing a crucial role in shifting the reaction equilibrium. Regarding the deformation mode of the landslide, it manifests as a combination of sliding compression and tension cracking. The fracture surface of the landslide assumes a step-like configuration. As the deformation progresses, the mudstone layer takes control over the sliding process, causing the sandstone to develop internal narrow-top and wide-bottom cracks, which propagate upward until the stability of the slope rock mass is compromised, resulting in its rupture. In this manuscript, we delve into the dissolution traits of red-bed soft rock in the Wudongde reservoir area, using a landslide case as a reference. We simulate this rock’s dissolution under environmental water influences, examining its interaction with diverse water types through rigorous experiments and simulations. This study’s importance lies in its potential to shed light on the crucial engineering characteristics of red-bed soft rock.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The siliceous material is finely grained. The iron-muddy material is yellowish-brown to black-brown and reddish-brown, mainly in a granular form [18,19].…”

Section: Mineral Analysis and Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanism of Mineral Dissolution on the Development of Red-Bed Landslides in the Wudongde Reservoir Region

Ye,

Liu,

Shi

et al. 2024

Minerals

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“…The redbeds in China are mainly composed of red continental clastic rocks and their weathered materials deposited in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. The redbeds in this era have the same sedimentary background and therefore have similar properties [33,34]. The test samples were sampled 12 m underground in the Pearl River Delta in South China, which is a typical Mesozoic-Cenozoic redbed with the same properties as the redbeds in other provinces of China.…”

Section: Preparation Of Mud Improvement Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification and Zoning of Improved Materials of Weathered Redbed Soil in China Based on the Integrity of Mud Skin

2023

Self Cite

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Natural redbeds are widely distributed throughout China. Ecological restoration entails implementing measures according to the local conditions and obtaining local materials, ensuring ecological environment conservation and restoration in a scientific manner. The mud skin of weathered redbed soil is often used to control soil desertification and repair slope, and its integrity is important to measure the repairing effect. However, most of the materials used for the improvement of weathered redbed soil contain harmful chemicals, bear high costs, and aggravate environmental pollution. At present, the knowledge about different kinds of improvement materials for Chinese different zones is unclear. To solve this problem, we considered naturally weathered redbed soil as the raw material, selected 77 kinds of improved materials, and tested the integrity of the natural redbed weathered soil after adding the improved material; then, we compared it with the natural redbed weathered soil with no added materials. Then, we put forth a classification standard for the materials, discussed the driving environmental factors, formulated the suitable zoning of the materials, and defined the improvement effects of different materials on the weathered redbed soil in different regions of China. The results suggested that, for weathered redbed soil, nano water-based adhesives were most suitable for the south-western, north-western, south-eastern, north-eastern, and northern regions of China and can be widely used in other regions as well. Starch was the least suitable material for the north-western, north-eastern, and northern regions of China. The most unsuitable material for South-West China was larch tannin extract; wormwood straw was the most unsuitable for South-East China. The modified material that was not suitable for use in most zones was starch. Thus, our study provides a concrete scientific basis regarding the effectiveness of different materials in addressing natural hazards caused by weathered redbed soil in China.

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“…Furthermore, the structural change process of red-bed soft rock can be observed based on image technology, such as CT scanning, SEM, etc. (Yao et al [10]; Zhou et al [11]; Zhou et al [12]; Zhang et al [13]). The strength variation of soft rock has been extensively researched, with a particular focus on compressive strength and shear strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractal Characterization of the Microstructure of Red-Bed Soft Rocks and Kinetic Modeling of Interfacial Evolution

Zhou,

Zheng,

Liu

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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The deterioration mechanism of red-bed soft rock is attributed to microstructural changes induced by water–rock interactions, where the damage to pores and the development of fractures significantly impact its macroscopic mechanical performance. The microstructural deterioration pattern of red-bed rock with different water saturation times was obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed that the microdamage effect of mudstone is an evolutionary process comprising the dissolution and detachment of its internal soluble bond structure. Three-dimensional (3D) images of the water-saturated damage of the rock mass were extracted by computed tomography (CT) scanning and calculated based on the box-counting algorithm to obtain the fractal dimension of the fracture development, leading to the theory that a soft rock fracture has multiple fractal characteristics. With the continuous increase in the water saturation time, the pores inside the rock mass began to reorganize and connect, and the mudstone specimens showed accelerated damage and some self-similarity. Furthermore, chemical element testing was conducted on the solutions used for water saturation, leading to the establishment of a microscopic interfacial evolution model describing water–rock damage, with theoretical equations derived based on diffusion theory.

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Study of soil expansion characteristics in rainfall-induced red-bed shallow landslides: Microscopic and macroscopic perspectives

Cited by 6 publications

References 32 publications

The Mechanism of Mineral Dissolution on the Development of Red-Bed Landslides in the Wudongde Reservoir Region

The Mechanism of Mineral Dissolution on the Development of Red-Bed Landslides in the Wudongde Reservoir Region

Classification and Zoning of Improved Materials of Weathered Redbed Soil in China Based on the Integrity of Mud Skin

Fractal Characterization of the Microstructure of Red-Bed Soft Rocks and Kinetic Modeling of Interfacial Evolution

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