Classification and Zoning of Improved Materials of Weathered Redbed Soil in China Based on the Integrity of Mud Skin

Abstract

Natural redbeds are widely distributed throughout China. Ecological restoration entails implementing measures according to the local conditions and obtaining local materials, ensuring ecological environment conservation and restoration in a scientific manner. The mud skin of weathered redbed soil is often used to control soil desertification and repair slope, and its integrity is important to measure the repairing effect. However, most of the materials used for the improvement of weathered redbed soil contain harmful chemicals, bear high costs, and aggravate environmental pollution. At present, the knowledge about different kinds of improvement materials for Chinese different zones is unclear. To solve this problem, we considered naturally weathered redbed soil as the raw material, selected 77 kinds of improved materials, and tested the integrity of the natural redbed weathered soil after adding the improved material; then, we compared it with the natural redbed weathered soil with no added materials. Then, we put forth a classification standard for the materials, discussed the driving environmental factors, formulated the suitable zoning of the materials, and defined the improvement effects of different materials on the weathered redbed soil in different regions of China. The results suggested that, for weathered redbed soil, nano water-based adhesives were most suitable for the south-western, north-western, south-eastern, north-eastern, and northern regions of China and can be widely used in other regions as well. Starch was the least suitable material for the north-western, north-eastern, and northern regions of China. The most unsuitable material for South-West China was larch tannin extract; wormwood straw was the most unsuitable for South-East China. The modified material that was not suitable for use in most zones was starch. Thus, our study provides a concrete scientific basis regarding the effectiveness of different materials in addressing natural hazards caused by weathered redbed soil in China.

Development of Self-Sustaining Improvement Material for a Mud Film of the Weathered Soil of Red Beds

“…The red beds in this era the same sedimentary background; thus, their properties are similar. Our team completed the testing of the mechanical properties of red beds in more than 20 prov in China, and the results are similar [36,37], as shown in Figure 1. By classifying and treating waste newspapers, waste envelope paper, waste magazines, and waste non-oily magazines as raw materials, and focusing on the id waste reuse, four types of improved materials are manufactured, mainly consisti wood fibres (F), thin fibres (G), colloidal fibres (H), and lightweight fibres (I).…”

“…The red beds in this era have the same sedimentary background; thus, their properties are similar. Our team has completed the testing of the mechanical properties of red beds in more than 20 provinces in China, and the results are similar [36,37], as shown in Figure 1.…”

“…By classifying and treating waste newspapers, waste envelope paper, waste magazines, and waste non-oily magazines as raw materials, and focusing on the id waste reuse, four types of improved materials are manufactured, mainly consisti wood fibres (F), thin fibres (G), colloidal fibres (H), and lightweight fibres (I). The fibres have similar molecular structures to that of cellulose [37]. The weathered soil o beds is supplemented with improved materials to produce a mud film of the weath By classifying and treating waste newspapers, waste envelope paper, waste oily magazines, and waste non-oily magazines as raw materials, and focusing on the idea of waste reuse, four types of improved materials are manufactured, mainly consisting of wood fibres (F), thin fibres (G), colloidal fibres (H), and lightweight fibres (I).…”

“…The weathered soil o beds is supplemented with improved materials to produce a mud film of the weath By classifying and treating waste newspapers, waste envelope paper, waste oily magazines, and waste non-oily magazines as raw materials, and focusing on the idea of waste reuse, four types of improved materials are manufactured, mainly consisting of wood fibres (F), thin fibres (G), colloidal fibres (H), and lightweight fibres (I). The four fibres have similar molecular structures to that of cellulose [37]. The weathered soil of red beds is supplemented with improved materials to produce a mud film of the weathered soil of red beds for ecological protection, and to develop green and low-cost engineering ecological protection technology.…”

“…Rubber waste powders (RWPs) offer a promising solution with which to enhance the consolidation and deformation properties of low-plasticity clay soil (CS) while promoting environmental sustainability [35]. Cellulose(C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n exhibits excellent improvement performance in conventional materials and is a good material for improvement [36,37]; however, the cost of cellulose is considerably high and is not suitable for large-scale applications in engineering ecological protection. Therefore, based on the experimental results of cellulose, suitable improved materials can be further explored in low-cost cellulose materials to explore low-cost and effective improved materials.…”