Study of ProtoPorphyrin IX Elimination by Body Excreta: A new Noninvasive Cancer Diagnostic Method?

Abstract

This paper describes the elimination of porphyrins by feces. It was demonstrated that porphyrin accumulates substantially more in tumors than in normal tissues, and consequently more PPIX reaches the blood of patients and animals with tumors, and then, it needs to be eliminated. The fluorescence of feces revealed that there are large amounts of PPIX in the excreta of animals with cancer comparing with healthy animals. The autofluorescence of feces porphyrin extracted with acetone was analyzed using fluorescence spectroscopy of animals inoculated with DU145 cells into the prostate and healthy animals to monitor the PPIX concentration. Emission spectra were obtained by exciting the samples at 405 nm. Significant differences were observed in autofluorescence intensities measured in the 575-725 nm spectral regions for the studied groups. The results showed a noninvasive, simple, rapid and sensitive method to detect cancer by feces analysis.

A sensitive bacterial-growth-based test reveals how intestinal Bacteroides meet their porphyrin requirement

“…However, as Heme-PPIX-Screen detects both heme and PPIX, a positive signal would more generally indicate that porphyrins are present. Detecting variations in porphyrin concentrations could prove useful in studies of Bt colonization or low-grade inflammation, for which both heme and PPIX play a role [ 10 , 11 ]. This test would also detect very low amounts of porphyrins in urine, which is associated with urinary tract pathologies [ 17 , 18 ].…”

“…Both heme and its PPIX precursor are found in human feces [ 10 , 11 ]. In view of Bacteroides ’ strict porphyrin requirement, we hypothesized that fluctuations in natural porphyrin levels in the healthy host could impact Bacteroides intestinal colonization.…”

“…Likewise, commercially available or published biochemical tests, which measure minute amounts of heme, failed in our experience to detect heme in complex biological samples like feces. Other porphyrin detection tests require multi-step extraction procedures and/or have limited sensitivity (see for example [ 10 , 11 ]). Porphyrin detection in biological samples, particularly in feces, may be important for understanding how these metabolites might impact the microbiota balance of the host.…”

Recent Progress in Metal-Based Nanoparticles Mediated Photodynamic Therapy

“…The lowest level of accumulation of photosensitizers is noted in the muscles [ 62 ].The ways to remove the photosensitizer from the patient’s body are determined by the chemical structure of the drug. As a rule, hydrophobic PS are excreted with faeces and bile through the liver, and hydrophilic with urine [ 63 ]. Tumor tissues have an increased disposition to the accumulation of PS [ 64 ].…”

Enzyme-Based Fluorescent Biosensors and Their Environmental, Clinical and Industrial Applications

“…The demand for developing new detection methods, increasing interest in visualization techniques [1][2][3], emphasis placed on new drug discovery programs [4], diagnostic test development [5][6][7], and attempts to explain cellular action mechanisms and to trace a cell's metabolism pathway [7,8], and the possibility of using biosensors in numerous fields of application, (for example: medicine [9-11], environmental protection [12-14, 16-17], food industry [18], and defense industry [19]) has results in an increasing number of research projects targeted at biosensor design and fabrication. Biosensors used in environmental monitoring measure the toxicity effect based on the detection of a chemical compound or compound group by selective recognition of a biomolecule in the receptor layer and then by detection of a signal after passing through the transducer layer [16].…”