Study of Plant Genetic Variation through Molecular Markers: An Overview

Abstract

This article refers to viewing the role of molecular markers during analyzing the genome of plants and their importance in plant biotechnology. In recent years, we observed the role of molecular techniques in programs for improving plant breeding and preserving genetic resources has been observed, and molecular and biochemical indicators which represent basic material through determining the diversity between genotypes for indicators it is never affected by external surrounding conditions as always in the phenotype features. Molecular markers of DNA have been widely applied to answer a range of questions related to taxonomy, molecular evolution, population genetics, and genetic diversity, as well as monitoring trade in plants and food products , in addition to its having a role in studying gene expression , genetic mapping, and studies of species evolution providing fast and accurate results. In this work, the advantages and limitations of the molecular techniques applied in plant sciences such as: RAPD (Random Amplification Polymorphic DNA Marker); ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat Marker); SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat Marker); AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphic Marker); RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Marker); SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and Real Time PCR.

Investigating the patterns of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) inferred from the whole genome of a critically endangered species Cassine koordersii kosterm

“…Microsatellites are prominent in the genome of eukaryotes, albeit barely present in prokaryotes [36]. Their polymorphic and codominant attributes are becoming employed for evaluating genetic diversity and species relationships [14,16,42]. The technology regarding NGS facilitates our ability to precisely identify microsatellites and establish markers.…”

The Potential Genetic Effect for Yield and Foliar Disease Resistance in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Assessed via Morphological and SCoT Markers

“…Various molecular markers have been used to demonstrate plant and other organisms' genetic variation [31,32]. Molecular markers are fast, reliable, repeatable, unaffected by environmental conditions, and used to demonstrate genetic variation and select important plant agricultural characteristics [33]. Many molecular techniques, such as random amplification of polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), target region amplification polymorphisms (TRAPs), sequence-specific amplification polymorphisms (SSAPs), and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), were implied to detect the genetic variability of Vicia species and V. faba L. populations [30].…”

Determining the genetic diversity of some black cumin genotypes collected in different regions of Türkiye using RAPD markers

“…Primers form amplicons in PCR and bands in Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (AGE) can be seen when the same primer has reverse binding points on both strands. These markers can produce a large number of amplicons and can be used in genetic studies (Al-Hadeithi and Jasim, 2021). Their major disadvantage is that their primers bind at low temperatures and therefore, if not sensitive, nonspecific bands may appear (Al-Khayri, 2022).…”