“…Research work in Refs. [8][9][10][11][12][13] showed a reduction in NO x , soot, HC and PM emissions, and an improvement of combustion efficiency for diesel-water emulsions. Alahmer et al observed that as water content increased, BSFC increased at high engine speeds, BTE decreased, exhaust gas temperature (EGT) decreased, and NO x also decreased [10].…”