Study of OH● Radicals in Human Serum Blood of Healthy Individuals and Those with Pathological Schizophrenia

Abstract

The human body is constantly under attack from free radicals that occur as part of normal cell metabolism, and by exposure to environmental factors such as UV light, cigarette smoke, environmental pollutants and gamma radiation. The resulting “Reactive Oxygen Species” (ROS) circulate freely in the body with access to all organs and tissues, which can have serious repercussions throughout the body. The body possesses a number of mechanisms both to control the production of ROS and to cope with free radicals in order to limit or repair damage to tissues. Overproduction of ROS or insufficient defense mechanisms leads to a dangerous disbalance in the organism. Thereby several pathomechanisms implicated in over 100 human diseases, e.g., cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, physiological disease, aging, etc., can be induced. Thus, a detailed investigation on the quantity of oxygen radicals, such as hydroxyl radicals (OH•) in human serum blood, and its possible correlation with antioxidant therapy effects, is highly topical. The subject of this study was the influence of schizophrenia on the amount of OH• in human serum blood. The radicals were detected by fluorimetry, using terephthalic acid as a chemical trap. For all experiments the serum blood of healthy people was used as a control group.

DNA Damage in Major Psychiatric Diseases

“…An elevated level of oxidative stress markers such as ROS has been found in the samples of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients (Do et al 2000, Sirota et al 2003, Dietrich-Muszalska & Olas 2009, Korotkova et al 2011). Post-mortem study demonstrated that the levels of SOD, nitric oxide, Cu, Zn- and MnSOD in the frontal cortex, caudate, and substantia innominate from schizophrenia patients were significantly increased (Michel et al 2004, Yao et al 2004).…”

The fluorescence detection of glutathione by ∙OH radicals’ elimination with catalyst of MoS2/rGO under full spectrum visible light irradiation

“…Under visible light irradiation, the electron in MoS 2 will transfer from valence band (VB) to conductive band (CB), leaving the created holes (h þ ) to further oxidize hydroxide ions or water molecules and thereby producing lots of •OH radicals at the photocatalyst/solution interfaces. TA is used as the probe to react with •OH radicals to form the fluorescent compound 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid (HTA, fluorescence response at 425 nm) [35,[46][47][48], which should be employed for the quantification of •OH radicals by fluorescent evaluation. When GSH is introduced into the system, it is able to capture and eliminate •OH radicals as a competitor to TA, which will decrease the fluorescent response of HTA.…”

“…Till now, such a composite is first utilized for GSH fluorescence determination based on •OH radicals' generation and elimination under visible light irradiation. During the detection process, terephthalic acid (TA) was applied as the fluorescent probe [35,[46][47][48]. By applying this strategy, an excellent leaner response between the decrease of fluorescent intensity and quantity of GSH was obtained.…”

Role of Melatonin in Schizophrenia

“…Because schizophrenic patients are biochemically more oxidized [85–87], the low MLT levels might be the result of the body reaction trying to compensate the hyperoxidative status. Earlier works of Altschule et al .…”