Study of Low-Salinity Waterflooding for Sandstone Reservoir

Abstract

Recent studies showed that salinity concentration of the injected water is more important factor rather than the amount of water injected. The objectives of this study are to analyse the effect of salinity and its behaviour in waterflooding and calculating the recovery factor of the oil produced in sandtone reservoir condition. This study focuses on analysing the effect of salinity to its recovery factor, relative permeability, breakthrough time and water cut of the oil-water system. Laboratory experiment had been carried out to determine the recovery factor by using sandstone core with the dimension length and diameter of 3 in and 1.5 in, respectively. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) was used to control the salinity concentration in waterflooding with range of 1,000 ppm to 14,000 ppm. The experiment was run with constant flow rate, pressure and temperature. In this experiment, deionized water with varied salinity and paraffin oil were used to perform the waterflooding procedure. Based on the results obtained, the highest total oil recovery by waterflooding was 57.8% with 4,000 ppm as the optimum salinity, which is 14.6% higher than oil recovered by 14,000 ppm. The results also showed the change in end-point value of relative permeability. It also showed that water cut tend to increase as the salinity increase, while breakthrough time tend to decrease as the salinity increase. AbstrakStudi terbaru menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi salinitas air yang disuntikkan adalah faktor yang lebih penting daripada jumlah air yang disuntikkan. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh salinitas dan perilakunya dalam waterflooding dan menghitung faktor pemulihan minyak yang dihasilkan dalam kondisi batu pasir reservoir. studi ini berfokus pada analisis pengaruh salinitas terhadap faktor pemulihannya, permeabilitas relatif, waktu terobosan dan potongan air dari sistem minyak-air. Eksperimen laboratorium telah dilakukan untuk menentukan faktor pemulihan dengan menggunakan inti batupasir dengan panjang dimensi 3 in dan diameter 1,5 in. Natrium Klorida (NaCl) digunakan untuk mengontrol konsentrasi salinitas dalam waterflooding dengan kisaran 1.000 ppm hingga 14.000 ppm. Eksperimen dilakukan dengan laju aliran, tekanan dan suhu yang konstan. Dalam eksperimen ini, air terdeionisasi dengan salinitas bervariasi dan minyak parafin digunakan untuk melakukan prosedur waterflooding. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, total perolehan minyak tertinggi dengan waterflooding adalah 57,8% dengan 4.000 ppm sebagai salinitas optimal, yang mana 14,6% lebih tinggi daripada minyak yang dipulihkan oleh 14.000 ppm. Hasil juga menunjukkan perubahan nilai titik akhir permeabilitas relatif. Eksperimen ini juga menunjukkan bahwa potongan air cenderung meningkat dengan meningkatnya salinitas, sementara waktu terobosan cenderung menurun dengan meningkatnya salinitas.

Analysis of The Pipelines Headrace of Micro-Hydropower Plant

“…Micro Hydro Power Plant is a power plant that utilizes power from water flow/falls, reservoirs/dams, or irrigation canals whose construction is multipurpose with a capacity of less than 1 MW [3], [4]. A microhydro power plant has three main components: water as an energy source, turbines and generators [5]- [7]. The microhydro power plant utilizes the potential energy of waterfall (head) from water flows that have a certain height difference [5], [8].…”

“…A microhydro power plant has three main components: water as an energy source, turbines and generators [5]- [7]. The microhydro power plant utilizes the potential energy of waterfall (head) from water flows that have a certain height difference [5], [8].…”