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This study aims to analyze the ratio of the number of microorganism colonies on the surface of medical personnel’s hands before and after the use of three types of alcohol-based handrubs. This study is an experimental study with pre and post design at Dr. Soetomo Hospital in September-October 2019 with 20 respondents for each handrub used. T-test was performed to analyze the number of microbe colonies before and after the use of handrub with the combination of chlorhexidine gluconate, meanwhile Wilcoxon test was performed to analyze the number of microbe colonies before and after the use of handrub with the combination of n-propanol and hydrogen peroxide. Effectiveness analysis of the three handrubs was done using Kruskal Wallis test. There was a significant difference in the number of microbes before and after the use of handrub (p <0.05). The lowest median value of the number of microbes after the use of an alcohol-based handrub was found in the handrub with the combination of chlorhexidine gluconate, with 96.25%, followed by hydrogen peroxide with percentage of 95.25% and n-propanol with percentage of 92%. There was no significant difference in the number of microbial colonies after the use of the three handrubs (p >0.05). Hands are an intermediary medium that often transmit pathogenic microorganisms that may cause HAIs. According to WHO, the usage of the three types of alcohol-based handrubs in this research can significantly decrease the number of germs. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in the number of microbial colonies before and after handrub usage. Alcohol-based handrub with the combination of chlorhexidine gluconate had the greatest effect on decreasing microbial colony count in this study. The contents of the three types of handrubs studied in this research were equally effective in decreasing microbial colony numbers on the hands of health workers.
This study aims to analyze the ratio of the number of microorganism colonies on the surface of medical personnel’s hands before and after the use of three types of alcohol-based handrubs. This study is an experimental study with pre and post design at Dr. Soetomo Hospital in September-October 2019 with 20 respondents for each handrub used. T-test was performed to analyze the number of microbe colonies before and after the use of handrub with the combination of chlorhexidine gluconate, meanwhile Wilcoxon test was performed to analyze the number of microbe colonies before and after the use of handrub with the combination of n-propanol and hydrogen peroxide. Effectiveness analysis of the three handrubs was done using Kruskal Wallis test. There was a significant difference in the number of microbes before and after the use of handrub (p <0.05). The lowest median value of the number of microbes after the use of an alcohol-based handrub was found in the handrub with the combination of chlorhexidine gluconate, with 96.25%, followed by hydrogen peroxide with percentage of 95.25% and n-propanol with percentage of 92%. There was no significant difference in the number of microbial colonies after the use of the three handrubs (p >0.05). Hands are an intermediary medium that often transmit pathogenic microorganisms that may cause HAIs. According to WHO, the usage of the three types of alcohol-based handrubs in this research can significantly decrease the number of germs. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in the number of microbial colonies before and after handrub usage. Alcohol-based handrub with the combination of chlorhexidine gluconate had the greatest effect on decreasing microbial colony count in this study. The contents of the three types of handrubs studied in this research were equally effective in decreasing microbial colony numbers on the hands of health workers.
Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae can be defined as one of the clinically relevant pathogens that is a common cause of community-acquired and hospital-acquired urinary tract infections (UTI). Objective: The current study was conducted to investigate most common members of 5 classes of efflux pumps among K. Pneumonia isolates. Methodology: K. Pneumonia isolates was diagnosed on EMB and confirmed by tyrB gene. Antibiotic susceptibility test has been done based on the CLSI-2019. Efflux pumps genes were examined via PCR. Results: All isolates were high resist to ceftazidime, Amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, Cefixime, cefepime, streptomycin and trimethoprime. Moderate resistance were showed to nitrofurantion, Aztreonam, Kanamycin, Cefoxitin, Gentamycine and Tobramycine. Low resistance was exhibited to Ciprofloxacine, Azithromycin, Doxycycline, piperacillin, Nalidixic acid, Imipenem and Amikacine. High sensitivity were exploited to Levofloxacine, ofloxacine, Meropenem and Netilamicin Concern antibiotic resistance patterns PDR, XDR and MDR), the results revealed that (10%) isolates were non-MDR while MDR compile (90%). Results of molecular investigation of efflux pumps in K pneumonia revealed that, AcrAB-TolC, AcrAD-TolC and AcrFE-TolC genes, EmrAB-TolC, EmrD and MdfA, EmrE, YnfA and TehA, MacAB-TolC and MdlAB-TolC, MdtK and DinF) genes were investigated for K. pneumoniae. Results of biofilm formation revealed that 100% were biofilm former (40% weak biofilm, 44% moderate and 16% strong biofilm former). Conclusion: The study concludes that, all efflux pumps may be highly associated with resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins and moderately with streptomycin, trimethoprime, nitrofuraniton, Aztreonam, Kanamycin. Additionally, biofilm formation was highly related to presence of studied pumps.
Covid 19 infection leads to reduced ciliary function, cytokine storm, thrombo-inflammation, microvascular coagulation and immune exhaustion. Hence, opportunistic infections such as mucormycosis are increasing in Covid affected patients. Covid infection has a tendency to worsen comorbid conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and cardiac disorders or even cause these life-threatening conditions in previously normal individuals. Corticosteroids used for the treatment of Covid puts the patients at risk of developing infections like mucormycosis since corticosteroids act as immune suppressors. At this juncture it is important to understand the pathophysiology, surgical/medical treatment as well the prosthetic rehabilitation of post covid rhino-orbito cerebral mucormycosis.
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