Study of Eye Gaze and Presence Effect in Virtual Reality

Ju, Yoon Seok; Hwang, Joon; Kim, S. J.; Suk, Hae Jung

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23528-4_60

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…These include the central nervous system via so-called brain-computer interfaces (e.g., Electroencephalography (EEG), functional nearinfrared spectroscopy, and functional magnetic resonance imaging), as well as the peripheral nervous system (e.g., Electrocardiography (ECG), Electrodermal activity (EDA), electromyogram, respiratory measurements, facial tracking, skin temperature), and lastly also audio/visual activity (e.g., eye tracking, blinking, and pupil dilation). Recent innovations in these domains led to works investigating the use of physiological measures to assess stress [132], concentration [133], engagement [134], emotions [135], immersion [136], [74], and user experience [137]. Drachen et al [138] investigated the correlation between Heart rate (HR) derived from ECG, EDA values, and PX while playing three different firstperson shooter games for 20 minutes each.…”

Section: Psycho-physiological Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Quality of Experience of Cloud Gaming Services

Schmidt¹

2023

T-Labs Series in Telecommunication Services

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Die Videospielebranche hat den größten Unterhaltungssektor unserer Zeit geschaffen, der schnell wächst und das Leben vieler Generationen weltweit beeinflusst. Besonders hochkomplexe Spiele erfordern jedoch, dass Spieler über leistungsstarke Hardware verfügen. So wurde in den letzten Jahren ein neues Konzept namens Cloud Gaming entwickelt, mit dem Nutzer diese Spiele, die auf einem Cloud-Server ausgeführt werden, fernsteuern können. Während der Ansatz verschiedene Vorteile mit sich bringt, stellt die zusätzliche Netzwerkverbindung und Videoverarbeitung viele neue technische Herausforderungen für Netzbetreiber und Dienstanbieter. Um diese Hindernisse zu überwinden und die Zufriedenheit ihrer Kunden zu gewährleisten, haben Unternehmen ein starkes Interesse daran, das Nutzungserleben (Quality of Experience, QoE) der Spieler zu untersuchen und vorherzusagen. Traditionelle QoE-Evaluierungen von Multimediadiensten verwenden kontrollierte subjektive Experimente, bei denen die Teilnehmer gebeten werden, ihre Meinung zu präsentierten Stimuli, z. B. einer Netzwerkbedingung, unter Verwendung validierter Fragebögen nachträglich zu äußern. Um diesen Beurteilungsprozess zu beschreiben, schlagen Möller und Kollegen (2013) eine Taxonomie der Qualitätsaspekte von Cloud-Gaming-Systemen vor. Die Anwendbarkeit etablierter Bewertungsmethoden zur Messung des hochgradig mehrdimensionalen Konstrukts der Gaming-QoE ist jedoch sehr begrenzt. Da sich das Gebiet der Gaming-QoE noch in der Anfangsphase befindet, fehlen validierte Bewertungsmethoden, die speziell für Cloud-Gaming-Dienste entwickelt wurden. Ziel der vorgestellten Forschung ist es daher, eine umfassende, zuverlässige und validierte Bewertungsmethode für die Gaming-QoE für Cloud-Gaming-Dienste zu entwickeln und zu evaluieren. Die Methode ermöglicht die Gestaltung subjektiver Tests zur Erstellung von Datensätzen für Qualitätsvorhersagemodelle und ermöglicht ein detailliertes Verständnis der Beziehungen zwischen einer Vielzahl von Qualitätsaspekten. Als erster Schritt in Richtung eines einheitlichen Evaluierungsansatzes wurden verfügbare Fragebögen auf kompakte Weise zusammengefasst. Da kein Messinstrument zur Bewertung der Interaktionsqualität identifiziert wurde, wurde ein neuer Fragebogen, die Gaming Input Quality Scale (GIPS), entwickelt. Darüber hinaus wurde für dessen Erstellung ein neues Framework zur Bewertung der Gaming-QoE mithilfe eines Crowdsourcing-Ansatzes entworfen. Zuletzt wurde die Evaluierungsmethode basierend auf einem großen Datensatz, der dominante Netzwerk-und Codierungsbedingungen umfasst, unter Verwendung der Strukturgleichungsmodellierung untersucht. Die Forschung ergab, dass das Crowdsourcing-Framework vergleichbare Ergebnisse wie Laborstudien liefern kann. Zudem wurde gezeigt, dass die entwickelte Evaluierungsmethode zuverlässige und gültige Benutzerbewertungen liefert und gleichzeitig ein Testdesign ermöglicht, das zur Entwicklung von Qualitätsvorhersagemodellen geeignet ist. Zusammenfassend sind die Hauptbeiträge der Arbeit (1) eine empirische Validieru...

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Section: Psycho-physiological Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Quality of Experience of Cloud Gaming Services

Schmidt¹

2023

T-Labs Series in Telecommunication Services

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Moreover, increased attention levels have been shown to reduce blink frequency [127], as have more positive affective states [124]. Eye gaze information has also been linked to concentration levels and sense of presence in immersive environments [128]. More recently, pupillometry (more specifically, pupil dilation) was used to assess cognitive load in VR with uncontrolled scene lighting [129].…”

Section: Eye Trackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immersive media experience: a survey of existing methods and tools for human influential factors assessment

2022

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Virtual reality (VR) applications, especially those where the user is untethered to a computer, are becoming more prevalent as new hardware is developed, computational power and artificial intelligence algorithms are available, and wireless communication networks are becoming more reliable, fast, and providing higher reliability. In fact, recent projections show that by 2022 the number of VR users will double, suggesting the sector was not negatively affected by the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. The success of any immersive communication system is heavily dependent on the user experience it delivers, thus now more than ever has it become crucial to develop reliable models of immersive media experience (IMEx). In this paper, we survey the literature for existing methods and tools to assess human influential factors (HIFs) related to IMEx. In particular, subjective, behavioural, and psycho-physiological methods are covered. We describe tools available to monitor these HIFs, including the user's sense of presence and immersion, cybersickness, and mental/affective states, as well as their role in overall experience. Special focus is placed on psycho-physiological methods, as it was found that such in-depth evaluation was lacking from the existing literature. We conclude by touching on emerging applications involving multiple-sensorial immersive media and provide suggestions for future research directions to fill existing gaps. It is hoped that this survey will be useful for researchers interested in building new immersive (adaptive) applications that maximize user experience.

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“…From the EOG signals, we extracted eye blink and saccade rate measures using the EOG event recognizer toolbox (Toivanen et al, 2015). Eye blinks have been used to predict cybersickness (Dennison et al, 2016) and saccades could be indicative of user frustration (Bitkina et al, 2021) and sense of presence in immersive virtual environment (Ju et al, 2019). Saccades correspond to rapid and simultaneous movements of both eyes while fixing in the same direction.…”

Section: Eog Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Instrumenting a virtual reality headset for at-home gamer experience monitoring and behavioural assessment

Moinnereau

Oliveira

Falk

2022

Front. Virtual Real.

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Measuring a gamer’s behaviour and perceived gaming experience in real-time can be crucial not only to assess game usability, but to also adjust the game play and content in real-time to maximize the experience per user. For this purpose, affective and physiological monitoring tools (e.g., wearables) have been used to monitor human influential factors (HIFs) related to quality of experience (QoE). Representative factors may include the gamer’s level of engagement, stress, as well as sense of presence and immersion, to name a few. However, one of the major challenges the community faces today is being able to accurately transfer the results obtained in controlled laboratory settings to uncontrolled everyday settings, such as the gamer’s home. In this paper, we describe an instrumented virtual reality (VR) headset, which directly embeds a number of dry ExG sensors (electroencephalography, EEG; electrocardiography, ECG; and electrooculography, EOG) to allow for gamer behaviour assessment in real-time. A protocol was developed to deliver kits (including the instrumented headset and controllers, laptop with the VR game Half-life Alyx, and a second laptop for data acquisition) to participants’ homes during the COVID-19 lockdown. A brief videoconference session was made to provide the participants with instructions, but otherwise the experiment proceeded with minimal experimenter intervention. Eight participants consented to participate and each played the game for roughly 1.5 h. After each gaming session, participants reported their overall experience with an online questionnaire covering aspects of emotions, engagement, immersion, sense of presence, motion sickness, flow, skill, technology adoption, judgement and usability. Here, we describe our obtained findings, as well as report correlations between the subjective ratings and several QoE-related HIFs measured directly from the instrumented headset. Promising results are reported.

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Study of Eye Gaze and Presence Effect in Virtual Reality

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Assessing the Quality of Experience of Cloud Gaming Services

Assessing the Quality of Experience of Cloud Gaming Services

Immersive media experience: a survey of existing methods and tools for human influential factors assessment

Instrumenting a virtual reality headset for at-home gamer experience monitoring and behavioural assessment

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