Study of antibiotic resistance pattern in methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus with special reference to newer antibiotic

Abstract

The worldwide epidemic of antibiotic resistance is in danger of ending the golden age of antibiotic therapy. Resistance impacts on all areas of medicine, and is making successful empirical therapy much more difficult to achieve. Staphylococcus aureus demonstrates a unique ability to quickly respond to each new antibiotic with the development of a resistance mechanism, starting with penicillin, until the most recent, linezolid and daptomycin. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has become endemic today in hospitals worldwide. Resistance to the newer antimicrobial-agents — linezolid, vancomycin, teicoplanin, and daptomycin are been reported and also the fear of pandrug-resistance. This study was carried out to know the antimicrobial resistant pattern of MRSA to newer antibiotic, to know any isolates are extensively-drug resistant (XDR)/pandrug resistant (PDR), inducible macrolide-lincosamide streptogramin B (iMLSB), and mupirocin resistance. Thirty-six MRSA isolates resistant to the routinely tested antibiotic were further tested for list of antibiotic by a group of international experts. Isolates were tested for iMLSB and mupirocin resistance by the disk diffusion method. Of 385 MRSA, 36 (9.35%) isolates of MRSA were resistant to the routinely tested antibiotic. Among these 36 MRSA isolates, none of our isolates were XDR/PDR or showed resistant to anti-MRSA cephalosporins (ceftaroline), phosphonic acids, glycopeptides, glycylcyclines, and fucidanes. Lower resistance was seen in oxazolidinones (2.78%), streptogramins (5.56%), lipopeptide (5.56%). Thirty-four (94.44%) isolates showed constitutive MLSB (cMLSB) resistance and two (5.56%) iMLSB phenotypes. High- and low-level mupirocin resistance were seen in 13 (36.11%) and six (16.67%), respectively. In our study, none of our isolates were XDR or PDR. No resistance was observed to ceftaroline, telavancin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin; but the presence of linezolid resistance (1, 2.28%) and daptomycin resistance (2, 5.56%) in our rural set-up is a cause of concern.

Combined efficacy of thymol and silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus

“…The silently vicious incarnations of S. aureus widespread in community and hospital environments have posed serious clinical imbroglio (Magiorakos et al, 2012). More than 95% MRSA worldwide do not respond to first line antibiotics and resistance has even evolved to the more recent antimicrobial agents like linezolid, vancomycin, teicoplanin and daptomycin (Kaur and Chate, 2015).…”

Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin Resistant S. aureus in Commercial Soft Drink with Antimicrobial Resistance Test on Isolates in Ethiopia

“…The presence of such MRSA isolates were also reported where 28% were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 35% were resistant to sulfonamides [39,40]. MDR Staphylococci posing a growing problem for human health particularly MRSA, the virulent strains [32][33][34]41]. However, no resistant MRSA against gentamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin were observed in this study.…”

Emphasis on Antibiotic Optimisation in Difficult to Treat Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infection

“…Similar findings were observed by Dardi Charan Kaur et al, which also concluded that MRSA was higher among females (19, 52.78%) as compared to males (17, 47.22%). 12 Among MRSA isolates (59.32%), (40.67%), (38.98%) and (49.15%) strains were also resistant to β-lactam, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and macrolides respectively. However, lower resistance was seen against oxazolidinones (4.23%), whereas all isolates were susceptible to glycopeptide (Vancomycin) [ …”