Study for Vitreous Waste Recovery in the Formulation of Heavy Clay Ceramics

Plastic behaviour of clay materials for the manufacture of fast-drying red ceramics

“…https://doi.org/10.1180/clm.2023.9 Published online by Cambridge University Press because of the undesirable reactions with other oxides, thereby generating undesirable phases at low firing temperatures(Monsif et al, 2019). The AM clay has the highest silica content (>66 wt%), followed by AC clay (62 wt%) and AV clay (59 wt%), which are consistent with the characteristics of common raw materials used for red ceramic manufacturing(Nandi et al, 2014;Inocente et al, 2017).The raw materials exhibited high iron contents of more than 5 wt%, which provides the reddish color after firing, making them suitable for the manufacture of red ceramics(Dondi, Raimondo & Zanelli, 2014;Pardo, Jordan & Montero, 2018;Harrati et al, 2020). Fluxing agents, mainly as Na2O and K2O, were also observed in the raw materials.The total oxide content in AC clay exceeds 5 wt%, whereas that in AV clay and AM clay was more than 4 and 2 wt%, respectively.…”

“…Clays with SiO 2 contents >70 wt.% are not preferred in ceramics because of their undesirable reactions with other oxides that generate undesirable phases at low firing temperatures (Monsif et al ., 2019). The AM clay had the greatest silica content (>66 wt.%), followed by the AC clay (62 wt.%) and the AV clay (59 wt.%), which are similar values to those obtained for commonly used raw materials in red ceramic manufacturing (Nandi et al ., 2014; Inocente et al ., 2017). The raw materials exhibited Fe 2 O 3 contents >5 wt.%, which provide a reddish colour after firing, making them suitable for the manufacture of red ceramics (Dondi et al , 2014; Pardo et al , 2018; Harrati et al ., 2020).…”

“…Red ceramic products mainly include roof tiles, structural blocks, and bricks, which have high plasticity that requires considerable amounts of water for their shaping through extrusion. In the subsequent drying process, water is removed from the molded material using significant amounts of thermal energy for the firing process (Inocente et al, 2017;Nield & Simmons, 2019;Nicolas et al, 2020). Nevertheless, some clays have no appreciable plasticity and therefore do not require considerable amounts of water for extrusion.…”

Characterization and use of clays from the Rio Bonito Formation/Paraná Basin for ceramic industry application

“…Colorimetry is the measurement and analysis of the intensity and color composition by transforming the color's main characteristics into numbers 62 . Figure 6 shows the coordinates used in the colorimetry test, where the colorimetric parameters L*, a*, and b* of the studied samples are illustrated.…”

Possibility of Using Vitreous Enamel Waste in the Construction Industry as the Concept of Cleaner Production

“…Moreover, industrial ecology is an integrated, emerging tool that guides the industry to reuse materials, save energy and reduce waste generation. Such a tool can consider industrial waste as a by-product or alternative material that can be fed to another industry [1,2].…”