Studies on the Vapor Phase Reaction in the System Ga-Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;

Kuniya, Yasuo; Hosaka, Masahiro; Shindo, Isamu

doi:10.5796/kogyobutsurikagaku.43.372

Cited by 22 publications

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“…Note that some In(II), Ga(I), and Ga(II) compounds are known to be unstable and unlikely to form, thus are not considered. [33][34][35][36] All enthalpy of formation values are exothermic meaning compound formation is favorable to some degree. Compound stability per metal generally trends M-Cl > M-Br > M-I as per the magnitude of the enthalpy of formation.…”

Section: Standard Enthalpies Of Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The standard enthalpies of formation for potentially stable compounds for the species under consideration are shown in Table 3. Note that some In(II), Ga(I), and Ga(II) compounds are known to be unstable and unlikely to form, thus are not considered 33–36 . All enthalpy of formation values are exothermic meaning compound formation is favorable to some degree.…”

Section: Thermodynamic Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A thermodynamic evaluation of metal halides for the recrystallization of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂

Palmiotti

Marsillac

Rockett

2022

Progress in Photovoltaics

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CdTe films are deposited at low temperatures and recrystallized to photovoltaic device quality using CdCl2 treatments, leading to competitive manufacturing costs. Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) typically requires high‐temperature, low‐rate depositions to produce high‐efficiency devices, resulting in higher costs. A similar metal halide treatment of CIGS has been demonstrated by us previously for some metal halide sources. To understand and optimize the process, a thermodynamic evaluation of candidate metal halides for such treatments is presented as a guide for their selection. By comparing bond dissociation energies, mono‐ and di‐halide compounds are proposed to be ideal compounds to act as transport agents. Known recrystallization and temperature reduction benefits by Ag alloying suggest that Ag halides should be used to aid transport of all species. The high vapor pressure and mobility of Ga compounds still pose a problem for metal halide treatment, resulting in Ga etching and removal of intentional Ga gradients. Less severe but similar issues with In compounds may occur. Cu compounds have low vapor pressures that may limit transport; however, Cu is highly mobile in CIGS, and recrystallization still occurs.

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Section: Standard Enthalpies Of Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermodynamic Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A thermodynamic evaluation of metal halides for the recrystallization of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂

Palmiotti

Marsillac

Rockett

2022

Progress in Photovoltaics

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Le Système Gazeux Gallium–Chlore: Etude par Spectrométrie Raman. 1–Spectres de Vibration Moléculaire des Espèces Gazeuses: GaCl₃, Ga₂Cl₆, GaCl, Ga₂Cl₄, Ga₂Cl₂ et GaCl₂

Hillel¹,

Aǐt-Hou²,

Berthet³

et al. 1987

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The molecular vibration frequencies of the gallium–chlorine gaseous species were selected. For the known species Ga2Cl6, GaCl3 and GaCl selection was performed by comparing previous experimental values with our own Raman spectrometric determinations. For the unidentified species Ga2Cl4, Ga2Cl2 and GaCl2 frequency values were evaluated from theoretical literature considerations. The Raman spectra of the vapours obtained by heating condensed gallium and chlorine mixtures are discussed using the selected frequencies and taking into account the Ga2Cl6 and GaCl3 detection limits. With our Raman recording conditions corresponding to well defined spectra, the species are detected up to 5 × 10−3 at. Under these conditions, for Cl/Ga = 3 and between 70 and 500 °C, the main gaseous species are GaCl3 and Ga2Cl6 and the system should be described by the single equilibrium: Ga2Cl6(g)⇌2GaCl3(g). For Cl/Ga = 0.122–3, and between 300 and 800 °C, the representation of the system should be simplified to a single heterogeneous equilibrium between the major species: 2Ga(I)+GaCl3(g)⇌3GaCl(g). In this case, the evolution of the Raman spectra with temperature is explained by taking into account contribution of Ga2Cl4 in very small amounts.

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On the Existence of the Trimer of Gallium Trichloride in the Gaseous Phase

Tsirel'nikov

Lokshin

Melnikov

2012

Zeitschrift anorg allge chemie

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The dependence of the gallium trichloride saturated and unsaturated vapor pressures on temperature was studied by the static method using a quartz membrane zero-manometer and taking into account the volume of its working chamber and substance mass. Conclusions about the presence of a distinguishable amount of trimeric molecules along with dimeric and momomeric molecules in the vapor were drawn on the basis of the obtained data. The following rough thermo-

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Studies on the Vapor Phase Reaction in the System Ga-Cl<sub>2</sub>

Cited by 22 publications

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A thermodynamic evaluation of metal halides for the recrystallization of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂

A thermodynamic evaluation of metal halides for the recrystallization of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂

Le Système Gazeux Gallium–Chlore: Etude par Spectrométrie Raman. 1–Spectres de Vibration Moléculaire des Espèces Gazeuses: GaCl₃, Ga₂Cl₆, GaCl, Ga₂Cl₄, Ga₂Cl₂ et GaCl₂

On the Existence of the Trimer of Gallium Trichloride in the Gaseous Phase

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Studies on the Vapor Phase Reaction in the System Ga-Cl<sub>2</sub>

Cited by 22 publications

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A thermodynamic evaluation of metal halides for the recrystallization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2

A thermodynamic evaluation of metal halides for the recrystallization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2

Le Système Gazeux Gallium–Chlore: Etude par Spectrométrie Raman. 1–Spectres de Vibration Moléculaire des Espèces Gazeuses: GaCl3, Ga2Cl6, GaCl, Ga2Cl4, Ga2Cl2 et GaCl2

On the Existence of the Trimer of Gallium Trichloride in the Gaseous Phase

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A thermodynamic evaluation of metal halides for the recrystallization of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂

A thermodynamic evaluation of metal halides for the recrystallization of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂

Le Système Gazeux Gallium–Chlore: Etude par Spectrométrie Raman. 1–Spectres de Vibration Moléculaire des Espèces Gazeuses: GaCl₃, Ga₂Cl₆, GaCl, Ga₂Cl₄, Ga₂Cl₂ et GaCl₂