Studies on the origin of crop species by restriction endonuclease analysis of organellar DNA. II. Restriction analysis of ctDNA of 11 Prunus species.

Abstract

Restriction endonuclease analysis was carried out on the chloroplast (ct) DNA of 11 species belonging to three subgenera of genus Prunus which includes most common flower trees in Japan, namely, "Sakura" (P, yedoensis and others) and "Ume" (P, mume). The ctDNA isolated from fresh leaves was digested with three endonucleases, BamHI, HindIII, and SmaI, and electrophoresed using agarose slab gel. The ctDNAs of the three subgenera had different restriction fragment patterns. In the subgenus Cerasus, two ctDNA types were found, one type in P. yedoensis and P, pendula, and the other in P. lannesiana, P, apetana, P. verecunda and P. sargentii.Similarly, four ctDNA types were found in the subgenus Padus, each type in P, buergeriana, P. grayana, P. Padus and P. ssiori. The ctDNA of the only one species, P, mume, in the subgenus Armeniaca studied differed from those of any of the other species. Chloroplast genome sizes of these species were estimated to be about 140 kbp. Based on the present restriction data, two dendrograms showing genetic relatedness between chloroplast genomes of 11 Prunus species were constructed. P, yedoensis, the most common cultivar of the flower cherry, which is presumably a natural hybrid between P. pendula and P, lannesiana (Takenaka 1963) showed no interplant variation of ctDNA and had the same ctDNA as the former species, differing from the latter by a single HindIIl restriction site. This finding suggests that P. pendula is the female parent of P. yedoensis.

Genetic Characterization of Flowering Cherries (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) Using rp116-rp114 Spacer Sequences of Chloroplast DNA

“…It was suggested that the female parent of the 'Someiyoshino' is P. pendula f. ascendens, because they have the same haplotype at PS-ID region. This is in agreement with restriction endonuclease analysis of chloroplast DNA by Kaneko et al (1986). However, our result is contradictory in that 'Someiyoshino' is an offspring of P. lannesiana var.…”

“…Thus, a cultivar, related to P. pendula f. ascendens, that was not 10A-T-9A type, P. pendula f. ascendens would be its male parent. Kaneko et al (1986) distinguished P. pendula f. ascendens from some Japanese native taxa of subgenus Cerasus based on restriction endonuclease analysis of chloroplast DNA, but their study did not include P. jamasakura, P. incisa, P. campanulata and so on. Furthermore, the difference between P. pendula f. ascendens and some Japanese native taxa was only one restriction site.…”

“…The origin of 'Someiyoshino' (P. × yedoensis Matsum. 'Yedoensis'), the most familiar caltivar, has often been discussed for its morphological traits (Takenaka, 1963), reference investigation (Funatsu, 1960), restriction analysis of chloroplast DNA (Kaneko et al, 1986), and DNA fingerprinting (Innan et al, 1995), whereas that of many cultivars remains unclear (Kawasaki, 1993). Therefore, our attempt in this study was to clarify the origin of cultivars by the molecular genetic approach.…”

Analyses of Clonal Status in 'Somei-yoshino' and Confirmation of Genealogical Record in Other Cultivars of Prunus * yedoensis by Microsatellite Markers

“…If this tree is truly old, we can assume the existence of multiple genotypes in the original 'Somei-yoshino'. However, it The same individuals as those reported by Kaneko et al (1986) is considered that some of these old trees in the Garden might have been destroyed or burnt during the Kanto Earthquake (in 1923) or by bombardment during World War II (in 1944-1945) and that some new trees might have been planted after the damage. Thus this case is possibly also a mistake due to a mixture of seedlings.…”

“…Takenaka (1962Takenaka ( , 1965 crossed these two species and succeeded in producing several new cultivars very similar to 'Someiyoshino'. Kaneko et al (1986) revealed that restriction fragment patterns of chloroplast DNA of 'Somei-yoshino' were identical with those of P. pendula. As a result of these studies, presently, Wilson's hypothesis is considered to be the most plausible.…”