Studies on the metabolism of glycogen and adenine nucleotides in embryonic chick liver at the end of incubation

Wittmann, Josef; Weiss, A.

doi:10.1016/0306-4492(81)90093-9

Cited by 9 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The greater amounts of embryonic glycogen in randombred lines than in both selected lines suggests that the ability of the turkey embryo to store carbohydrate (gluconeogenesis) prior to the plateau stage may have been diminished because of genetic selection. Genetic influences on endocrines could be involved in such a mechanism (Freeman, 1969;Wittman and Weiss, 1981;Christensen and Edens, 1989). Thyroxine, glucocorticoids, and catecholamines have all been implicated in glycogenolysis and establishing glycogen stores in the heart (Czarnecki, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Alternatively, the oxygen needed to drive metabolism may have been reduced. Reduced oxygen availability could then lead to greater glycogenolysis during hatching (Wittman and Weiss, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the well-known reliance of the hypoxic avian embryo at the end of incubation on carbohydrate for energy for pipping and hatching (Wittman and Weiss, 1981) and the differences observed in oxygen consumption of the selected lines and the randombred control populations (Table 4), the availability of carbohydrate to embryos of the F and E lines was compared with that of embryos from their randombred control populations. It was hypothesized that the relationship between reduced eggshell conductance and late embryonic death might be a result of depletion of readily available energy sources for vital tissues (Beattie, 1964).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Embryonic Viability and Metabolism in Turkey Lines Selected for Egg Production or Growth

1993

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Lines of turkeys selected genetically for rapid growth or egg production and their respective randombred control populations were examined for physiological factors influencing their hatchability. Hatchability of fertile eggs was improved (P < .05) in the growth line but not in the egg production line when compared with randombred control populations. Embryonic mortality of both selected lines was lower during the 1st wk of incubation but higher during pipping than that observed for the mortality of the randombred control embryos. Eggshell conductance constants were lower (P < .05) in genetically selected lines compared with constants for eggs of the randombred control strains, which suggests that embryos from selected lines have less access to oxygen. Thus, genetic selection regardless of whether for growth or egg production reduced oxygen consumption during external pipping and for hatched poults, so the reduction cannot be attributed specifically to growth or egg production. Metabolic rate as measured by oxygen consumption during external pipping and posthatch was reduced (P < .05) in the embryos of the selected lines compared with controls. Thus, oxygen availability through eggshells prior to pipping may be vital in determining survival rates of late embryos. Lower oxygen consumption would cause embryos to rely more on stored glycogen for energy during pipp"ing. Hepatic and cardiac glycogen stores and blood plasma glucose concentrations indicated the embryos of growth and egg production lines had less (P < .05) stored glycogen than control embryos. The data suggest that there may be a relationship between carbohydrate accrual prior to pipping, its utilization during pipping, and subsequent embryonic survival during pipping and hatching among the lines and that these differences may be associated with the genetics of growth or egg production. (

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Embryonic Viability and Metabolism in Turkey Lines Selected for Egg Production or Growth

1993

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“…This seems to contradict the hypothesis that supplemental oxygen spared glycogen during the plateau stage of development because it occurred in eggs with greater permeability. Thus, the influence of iodine on liver glycogen may also be mediated by endocrines (Wittmann and Weiss, 1981;Christensen and Edens, 1989) rather than simply by oxygen availability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…This observation contradicts the hypothesis that oxygen spared glycogen in vital tissues. A possible mechanism to explain the contradiction is the synthesis or degradation of hormones, such as thyroid hormones, which affect glycogen stores (Wittmann and Weiss, 1981) or the effect of adrenergic stress hormones during the hypoxia of hatching (Christensen and Edens, 1989). Hypoxic stress encountered by embryos in eggs with low permeability may be greater and may increase glycogenolysis; such a result would confound the effects of maternal dietary iodine and reduced eggshell permeability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effect of Oxygen and Maternal Dietary Iodine on Embryonic Carbohydrate Metabolism and Hatchability of Turkey Eggs

Christensen

Donaldson

1992

Poultry Science

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Fertile turkey eggs were produced by hens fed supplemental iodine to decrease eggshell conductance. The eggs were then incubated in an oxygen-enriched environment during Days 25 and 26 of incubation to test the hypothesis that maternal dietary iodine has separate effects on the eggshell permeability and the developing embryo. Oxygen supplementation improved hatchability regardless of dietary iodine treatment, suggesting that oxygen availability may limit hatching of eggs with normal gas conductance. Oxygen and dietary iodine did not affect body weight but interacted prior to pipping to affect embryonic liver and heart glycogen. Dietary iodine increased liver glycogen at internal pipping. The effects of oxygen on embryos, which were correlated directly with hatchability, were increased liver growth prior to pipping and increased heart weight at external pipping and posthatching. It was concluded that supplementing oxygen to incubating turkey eggs may improve hatchability by increasing liver and heart growth. Dietary iodine played only a minor or modulating role in assisting embryos to survive.

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Dietary carbohydrate effects on some plasma organic acids and aspects of glucose metabolism in turkey poults

Donaldson

Christensen²

1994

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology

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Studies on the metabolism of glycogen and adenine nucleotides in embryonic chick liver at the end of incubation

Cited by 9 publications

References 17 publications

Embryonic Viability and Metabolism in Turkey Lines Selected for Egg Production or Growth

Embryonic Viability and Metabolism in Turkey Lines Selected for Egg Production or Growth

Effect of Oxygen and Maternal Dietary Iodine on Embryonic Carbohydrate Metabolism and Hatchability of Turkey Eggs

Dietary carbohydrate effects on some plasma organic acids and aspects of glucose metabolism in turkey poults

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