Studies on the Amygdaloid Nuclei and Periamygdaloid Cortex. Experiments on the Influence of Their Stimulation Upon Motility of Small Intestine and Blood Pressure

Abstract

Phylogenetically, the so-called cerebral olfactory system in the wider sense seems to have morz to do with the vegetative function than as a system for somatic sensation. Concerning amygdala, Herrick assumed from his study on Amphibia that.

Rotavirus Downregulates Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Noradrenergic Sympathetic Nervous System in Ileum, Early in Infection and Simultaneously with Increased Intestinal Transit and Altered Brain Activities

“…Further, BNST sends projections to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus ( 48 ), the nucleus ambiguous ( 49 ), and the nucleus of the solitary tract ( 48 ), i.e., the brain centra involved in controlling gastrointestinal motility ( 10 , 50 ). Furthermore, the BNST is involved in several autonomic regulations responding to non-fear-associated stress, and it alters both blood pressure ( 51 ) and heart rate. Our data showing modulation of the BNST in response to rotavirus infection strengthens the view of BNST involvement in intestinal motility and possibly symptoms of illness.…”

Functions of the amygdala.

“…Pupil dilation and piloerection have already been mentioned. Respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure have been studied in the rat, rabbit, cat, dog, monkey, and human (Anand & Dua, 1956b;Andy, Bonn, Chinn, & Allen, 1959;Baldwin, Frost, & Wood, 1954;Chapman et al, 1954;Gastaut, 1952;Hilton & Zbrozyna, 1963;Kaada, 1951;Koikegami et al, 1957;Koikegami, Kimoto, & Kido, 1953;MacLean & Delgado, 1953;Naquet, 1953Naquet, , 1954Turner, 1954;Ursin & Kaada, 1960a;Wood, Schottelius, Frost, & Baldwin, 1958). Here again, the exact nature of the response varies considerably.…”

“…The other major endocrine effect is for the stimulation to cause an increase in gastric secretions (Anand & Dua, 1956c;Sen & Anand, 1957;Shealy & Peele, 1957). Gastric and intestinal movements may be either increased or decreased (Eliasson, 1952;Gastaut, 1952;Koikegami, Kimoto, & Kido, 1953;Koikegami, Kushiro, & Kimoto, 1953;Shealy & Peele, 1957). Repeated amygdaloid stimulation has been shown to cause gastric bleeding and ulceration of the gastroduodenal junction (Sen & Anand, 1957).…”

The amydala and restraint ulcers in rats.

“…Several animals also showed ulcers and hemorrhages. It was suggested that these pathological effects might be mediated by hypothalamic mechanisms (Sen & Anand, 1957), and, in fact, several studies have shown that stimulation of the stria terminalis and the ventral amygdalofugal (and amygdalopetal) pathway also have produced gastrointestinal alterations (Hess, 1954;Koikegami, Kimoto, & Kido, 1953).…”