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Rats with control operations, lesions in the amygdala, or lesions in the septal area were tested in a double runway. Results showed that after omission of reward in the first goal box on 50% of the trials, control rats and septal animals showed a frustration effect. Lesions in the amygdala eliminated this effect. Subsequent tests of extinction behavior indicated that the rats with control operations and the rats with damage in the amygdala showed a partial reinforcement extinction effect whereas the animals with septal lesions did not. It is concluded that frustration effects and extinction effects have independent neural substrates.

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