Studies on the Agglutination of Treponema Pallidum Ii. On the Agglutination of Treponema Pallidum Treated With Antiformin in Human Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Usefulness of the Hemagglutination Test Using Treponema Pallidum Antigen (Tpha) for the Serodiagnosis of Syphilis

“…The TPI (Nelson and Diesendruck, 1951), TPA (Tani and Asano, 1951), TPCF (Portnoy and Magnuson, 1955), TPIA (Nelson, 1953) and FTA (Deacon, Falcone and Harris, 1957;Deacon et al, 1960) tests using pathogenic T. pallidum as antigen for serodiagnosis of syphilis were investigated.…”

Studies on the Treponemal Immobilization Test. III. Use of the TPI as a Verification Test in Suspected Latent Syphilis

“…Attempts to use virulent T. pallidum as an antigen, and hence realize a specific test, have been hampered by continued failure to grow the organism in vitro. Tani and Asano (1951) described an agglutination test using killed treponemes of the Nichols strain extracted from the testes of infected rabbits. This work attracted little attention at the time and it was not until Nelson and Mayer (1949) developed the Treponemal Immobilization Test (TPI) that interest in techniques using virulent treponemes was re-awakened.…”

Preliminary Agglutination Experiments with Treponema Pallidum.

“…Further, we know that physical factors, such as shaking, or merely sedimentation, will agglutinate treponemes. However, Cain (1953), McLeod and Magnuson (1953), Tani and Asano (1951), and Hardy and Hollander (1953) succeeded in suspending dead treponemes in such a way that they did not agglutinate spontaneously, even after having been left for weeks at -4°C., or after shaking. This made it possible to repeat experiments with the same antigen and to make adequate tests of reproducibility.…”