Studies on Kidney Function in Subjects Exposed to Organic Solvents

Abstract

ABSTRACT. The urine of 134 subjects, exposed to different organic solvents, and 48 unexposed subjects has been analysed with reference to albumin and β‐2‐microglobulin excretion. The exposed subjects excreted significantly larger quantities of albumin than the unexposed. Those exposed to styrene excreted the largest amounts. No significant difference in β‐2‐microglobulin excretion could be demonstrated between the groups.

Xylene Sensor Using Cr-doped Co3O4 Nanoparticles Prepared by Flame Spray Pyrolysis

“…Few human (Arp et al 1983;Askergren 1981Askergren , 1982Askergren et al 1981bAskergren et al , 1981cBrasington and Thorpe-Swenson 1991;Dolara et al 1982;Franchini et al 1983;Gupta et al 1990;Hipolito 1980;Holmberg and Nurminen 1980;Kilburn et al 1985;Kucera 1968;Kurppa and Husman 1982;Lisiewicz 1983, 1984a;Roberts et al 1988;Smolik et al 1973;Triebig et al 1992aTriebig et al , 1992bUchida et al 1993;Wilcosky et al 1984) or animal studies (Tatrai et al 1981;Maltoni et al 1983Maltoni et al , 1985NTP 1986) were available regarding the health effects associated with chronic exposure to xylenes. The central nervous system (Gupta et al 1990;Hipolito 1980;NTP 1986;Roberts et al 1988) and the kidney (Askergren 1981(Askergren , 1982Askergren et al 1981bAskergren et al , 1981cFranchini et al 1983) appear to be the primary targets of chronic xylene exposure. However, the study by Uchida et al (1993) suggests that in healthy individuals, kidney effects are unlikely to occur at concentrations below those that cause neurological effects and eye and respiratory tract irritation.…”

“…following inhalation, oral, and dermal exposures to xylene (Andersson et al 1981;Carpenter et al 1975a;Condie et al 1988;Dyer et al 1988;Ernstgard et al 2002;Gagnaire and Langlais 2005;Gagnaire et al 2001Gagnaire et al , 2006Gamberale et al 1978;Gralewicz and Wiaderna 2001;Gralewicz et al 1995;Klaucke et al 1982;Korsak et al 1990Korsak et al , 1991Korsak et al , 1992Korsak et al , 1993Korsak et al , 1994Morley et al 1970;NIOSH 1981;NTP 1986;Nylen and Hagman 1994;Ogata et al 1970;Savolainen et al 1984Savolainen et al , 1985aWolfe 1988aWolfe , 1988b Epidemiological and Human Dosimetry Studies. Limited epidemiological studies (Arp et al 1983;Askergren 1981Askergren , 1982Askergren et al 1981bAskergren et al , 1981cDolara et al 1982;Franchini et al 1983;Gupta et al 1990;Holmberg and Nurminen 1980;Kilburn et al 1985;Kucera 1968;Kurppa and Husman 1982;Lisiewicz 1983, 1984a;Smolik et al 1973;…”

“…Much of the available information on the effects of xylene in humans comes from case reports (Abu Al Ragheb et al 1986;Arthur and Curnock 1982;Brasington and Thorpe-Swenson 1991;Goldie 1960;Hipolito 1980;Klaucke et al 1982;Martinez et al 1989;Morley et al 1970;Nersesian et al 1985;Roberts et al 1988) and occupational studies in which subjects were exposed to other chemical agents in addition to xylene (Arp et al 1983;Askergren 1981Askergren , 1982Askergren et al 1981bAskergren et al , 1981cDolara et al 1982;Franchini et al 1983;Gupta et al 1990;Holmberg and Nurminen 1980;Jovanovic et al 2004;Kilburn et al 1985;Kucera 1968;Kurppa and Husman 1982;Lisiewicz 1983, 1984a;Smolik et al 1973;Taskinen et al 1989;Uchida et al 1993;Wilcosky et al 1984). The best characterization of exposure, verified with urinary metabolite measurements, was conducted in the occupational study by Uchida et al (1993); subjects were exposed to 70% xylene with little involvement of other chemicals, besides ethylbenzene, a component of mixed xylene.…”