Studies on heating and cooling of synthetic fibers, yarns, and fabrics. I. Properties of nylon and polyester filament yarns on heat setting in silicone oil

Venkatesh, G.; Bose, Pallab; Shah, Rekha V.; Dweltz, N. E.

doi:10.1002/app.1978.070220825

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Percent Elongation , ' Percent elongation increased with increasing temperature for samples heat set in the Superba TVP unit and the autoclave (Table I V ) . This observation is in agreement with the observations by Venkatesh and his co-workers [ 32 ] . An increased percent elongation can be explained by yam shrinkage due to slack heat setting.…”

Section: Dye Studiessupporting

confidence: 93%

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Effects of Commercial Heat Setting on the Structure and Properties of Polyester Carpet Yarn

Cullerton

Ellison

Aspland

1990

Textile Research Journal

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Polyester carpet yarn is heat set during the production process in order to impart structural stability. Although batch (autoclave) and continuous (Superba TVP and Suessen GVA ) heat setting methods are used, the continuous processes are prevalent and constitute a greater part of this study. Commercial heat setting equipment and settings are used here because previous works were the results of laboratory studies. The primary technique applied in this study to determine the microstructural features of polyester is x-ray diffraction. Crystallization and crystallite melting temperatures from differential thermal analysis ( DTA ) and colorimetric determinations of initial rates of dyeing are also measured to provide additional data for interpreting the results, and tensile properties of the yarns are reported as well.X-ray and DTA results indicate no significant increases in the degree of crystallinity of yarns heat set by the Superba TVP method, while crystallinity increases with increasing temperature for samples heat set by the Suessen GVA method. Crystal size increases for samples heat set by either of the continuous methods. Although x-ray determined crystallinity measures are significantly different at different levels of temperature and dwell time, there are no significant differences in heat of fusion values obtained from DTA with changes in heat setting temperatures and dwell times. Tenacity, percent elongation, and work to break increase as a result of heat setting for samples set using the Superba TVP, autoclave, or Suessen GVA equipment, while the initial modulus decreases compared to a non-heat set sample.Heat setting is an important step in carpet yam production, helping to stabilize the yarns to maintain their twist, bulk, crimp, and strength characteristics [ 21 ] . Yam stability is necessary for subsequent processing and future performance in carpet wear [ 5,27]. The majority of past research dealing with the heat setting of polyester and nylon yarn, usually filament yarn, has been done under laboratory conditions. In this work, we include the commercial heat setting of spun polyester carpet yam using the Superba TVP machine, built by Superba SA of France, the Suessen GVA machine, manufactured by Hoerauf-Suessen of Germany, and a Gaston County autoclave. Although the more economical continuous methods for heat setting carpet yams are in greater use today, we did some testing of autoclaved yarns as an ancillary study because the autoclave was used for heat setting before the development of continuous methods. Our results, at times, differ from those of the laboratory studies.The autoclave provides a batch method for heat setting yarns [ 21 ] . Skeins are bulked and heat set during repetitive cycles of various temperatures and pressures.When skeins are tumbled in the presence of steam, the yarn is bulked to a greater degree than in either of the two continuous procedures, but heat transfer to some parts of the skein is not uniform and the continuous methods can provide more even penetration of heat and...

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Section: Dye Studiessupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Venkatesh et al [ 32 ] investigated mechanical property changes due to heat setting by measuring tensile properties. Structure determinations based on birefringence and dissolution time experiments confirmed their interpretation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Commercial Heat Setting on the Structure and Properties of Polyester Carpet Yarn

Cullerton

Ellison

Aspland

1990

Textile Research Journal

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“…The overall orientation of the polymer chains, as determined from sonic velocity measurements, decreases on heat setting in the slack condition (Venkatesh et al, 1978). Haar (2011) indicates that mechanisms for obtaining set within fibres during processing include intermolecular bonding and crystallinity (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Venkatesh, Bose, Shah, and Dweltz (1978) heat set polyamide 6, polyamide 6.6 and polyester (polyethylene terephthalate) filament yarns at different temperatures in oil under a variety of experimental conditions. The effect of the heat setting time and tension on the yarn during heat setting, as well as the effect of the initial tenacity and extension on subsequent changes in the mechanical properties of the heat-set yarns has been studied (Venkatesh et al, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of hot water setting treatment on the dyeing properties of grafted polyamide 6.6 microfibres

Makhlouf

Ladhari

Braham

et al. 2014

The Journal of The Textile Institute

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Polymeric fibres are semicrystalline structures in which macromolecules are rarely oriented in their equilibrium state. Further instabilities are imparted when the fibres are converted into yarns and the yarns into fabrics. Heat setting is an important industrial process, as it reduces the fibre strain to an acceptable limit. Although this process provides dimensional stability to polyamide 6.6, yet it affects its dyeability. This paper investigates the effects of hot water setting treatment on the dyeing properties of grafted polyamide 6.6 microfibres dyed with a cationic dye. It reveals that the dye uptake of the hot water-set samples is inferior to those unset. A kinetic study showed a change in the build-up rate. In addition, an increase in the percentage of grafting improved the quantity of the dye fixed on both unset and hot waterset samples. Comparing the wash fastness of the unset samples, the hot water ones are found to be lower. The modelling of the adsorption isotherms using Langmuir, Freundlich and Jossen relations allows the determination of isotherm constants. The results obtained have been modelled using standard adsorption isotherms.

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“…A very fascinating study undertaken by Kitano et al [8] obtained the high crystalline percentage of 95% with PET fibre at high temperature. By measuring tensile properties, Venkatesh et al [9] conducted an investigation on the mechanical properties of synthetic fibre changes as a result of heat setting. The structural behaviour of polymers is what determines their mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Annealing Process on Crystallinity and Structural Properties of Cotton/Spandex Fabric

et al. 2017

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Abstract. This research aims to elucidate the crystallinity, structural and mechanical properties of cotton/spandex knitted fabric after conducting heat setting i.e., annealing process with optimized condition for the first time. Experimental results disclosed that, crystallinity index (CI) (%) of heat-treated cotton/spandex were increased with increased temperature and also mechanical properties i.e., tensile strength was improved as the temperature rose from 120 to 140ºC and decreased with augmenting temperature ranges, which is in good agreement with the findings of CI % through X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The attendance of cellulose dehydration was further confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra in order to observe the structural integrity.

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Studies on heating and cooling of synthetic fibers, yarns, and fabrics. I. Properties of nylon and polyester filament yarns on heat setting in silicone oil

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

Effects of Commercial Heat Setting on the Structure and Properties of Polyester Carpet Yarn

Effects of Commercial Heat Setting on the Structure and Properties of Polyester Carpet Yarn

The effect of hot water setting treatment on the dyeing properties of grafted polyamide 6.6 microfibres

The Influence of Annealing Process on Crystallinity and Structural Properties of Cotton/Spandex Fabric

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