Studies on fly‐ash‐filled natural rubber modified with cardanol derivatives: Processability, mechanical properties, fracture morphology, and thermal decomposition characteristics

Menon, A. R. R.; Sonia, Thundiparambil Azeez; Devaki, Sudha J.

doi:10.1002/app.24439

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The results showed that these composites are potential for nonstructural applications. The DMA of fly ash-filled NR modified with cardanol derivatives was carried out by Menon et al 18 The stabilizing effect of lignin filler on NR was examined by Kosikova et al 19 by using DMA. It was observed that the dynamic mechanical properties of NR vulcanisates were considerably improved by the addition of lignin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic mechanical properties of oil palm microfibril‐reinforced natural rubber composites

Joseph

Appukuttan

Kenny

et al. 2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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ABSTRACT:The dynamic mechanical properties of macro and microfibers of oil palm-reinforced natural rubber (NR) composites were investigated as a function of fiber content, temperature, treatment, and frequency. By the incorporation of macrofiber to NR, the storage modulus (E') value increases while the damping factor (tan d) shifts toward higher temperature region. As the fiber content increases the damping nature of the composite decreases because of the increased stiffness imparted by the natural fibers. By using the steam explosion method, the microfibrils were separated from the oil palm fibers. These fibers were subjected to treatments such as mercerization, benzoylation, and silane treatment. Resorcinolhexamethylenetetramine-hydrated silica was also used as bonding agent to increase the fiber/matrix adhesion. The storage modulus value of untreated and treated microfibril-reinforced composites was higher than that of macrofiber-reinforced composites. The T g value obtained for this microfibril-reinforced composites were slightly higher than that of macrofiber-reinforced composites. The activation energy for the relaxation processes in different composites was also calculated. The morphological studies using scanning electron microscopy of tensile fracture surfaces of treated and untreated composites indicated better fiber/ matrix adhesion in the case of treated microfibrilreinforced composites. Finally, attempts were made to correlate the experimental dynamic properties with the theoretical predictions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic mechanical properties of oil palm microfibril‐reinforced natural rubber composites

Joseph

Appukuttan

Kenny

et al. 2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Fly Ash (FA), which is produced from coal combustion in power generation plants and primarily consists of inert inorganic materials, has been regarded as a potential substitute for conventional natural fillers, as calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), in the plastic industry in several systems: Epoxy [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]; polyurethane [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]; polyvinylchloride [ 9 ]; polycarbonate [ 10 ]; polyetheretherketone [ 11 ]; polyethyleneterephtalate [ 12 ]; natural rubber [ 13 ]; thermoplastic elastomers [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Mechanical Characterization of Sustainable Composites Based on Recycled and Stabilized Fly Ash

et al. 2014

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This paper reports the results on the use of an innovative inert, based on stabilized fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration as a filler for polypropylene. The starting material, which contains large quantities of leachable Pb and Zn, was stabilized by means of an innovative process using rice husk ash as a waste silica source, together with other fly ashes, such as coal fly ash and flue gas desulfurization residues. The use of all waste materials to obtain a new filler makes the proposed technology extremely sustainable and competitive. The new composites, obtained by using the stabilized material as a filler for polypropylene, were characterized and their mechanical properties were also investigated. A comparison with a traditional polypropylene and calcium carbonate based compound was also done. This research activity was realized in the frame of the COSMOS-RICE project, financed by the EU Commission.

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“…Gupta et al reported an increase in the impact properties on the addition of FA in glass fiber/epoxy composites. Menon et al investigated the use of FA as a filler in natural rubber in the presence of 5–10 phr phosphorylated cardanol prepolymer and a hexamethylenetetramine‐cured phosphorylated cardanol prepolymer. This resulted in a higher thermal stability along with an improvement in the mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lauric acid coated fly ash as a reinforcement in recycled polymer matrix composites

Sengupta

Ray

Mukhopadhyay

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Sustainable composites were developed from fly ash (FA) and recycled polypropylene (R) with lauric acid (LA) as the coupling agent. The FA particles were surface-coated with 1, 2, 3, and 5 wt % LA, and the coating on the FA particles was verified by transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. R and LA-coated FA particles were melt-mixed in a 1:1 weight ratio to achieve a high-filler-loaded composite. The flexural, impact, nanoindentation, and fracture surface analyses were carried out to examine the properties of the composites. The flexural strength and modulus values increased in the 2 wt % LA-coated FA/R composites by 6 and 50%, respectively, compared to the values of the uncoated FA/R composites, whereas the impact strength increased considerably by 119% in the 1 wt % LA-coated composites. Nanoindentation tests also showed an increase in the mechanical properties in the case of the 1 and 2 wt % LA-coated composites in comparison to the uncoated ones. Fracture surface studies done by scanning electron microscopy revealed improved interfacial interactions between the filler and matrix in the presence of the LA coupling agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicated reorientations of the polymer chains in the presence of different concentrations of the LA coupling agent; this resulted into different crystallinities and crystallite sizes. Differential scanning calorimetry showed a significant difference in the crystalline peaks of the composites, and this corroborated well with the XRD observations. LA, thus, significantly influenced the structural properties of the composites, and this, in turn, influenced their mechanical and thermal properties.

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Studies on fly‐ash‐filled natural rubber modified with cardanol derivatives: Processability, mechanical properties, fracture morphology, and thermal decomposition characteristics

Cited by 16 publications

References 33 publications

Dynamic mechanical properties of oil palm microfibril‐reinforced natural rubber composites

Dynamic mechanical properties of oil palm microfibril‐reinforced natural rubber composites

Structural and Mechanical Characterization of Sustainable Composites Based on Recycled and Stabilized Fly Ash

Lauric acid coated fly ash as a reinforcement in recycled polymer matrix composites

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