Studies on Blisters Produced by Friction

Sulzberger, Marion B.; Cortese, Thomas A.; Fishman, Leonard S.; Wiley, Hugh S.; Peyakovich, Paul S.

doi:10.1038/jid.1966.169

Cited by 133 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Although an intraepidermal bulla was seen in the biopsy specimens taken from those papules which had been rubbed before the performance of the biopsy, the histology of this bulla was that of friction blister. It has been shown that friction blister is produced by slight rubbing on 'thin-skinned' areas other than the palms and soles [9,11]. It therefore may be possible that a seropapule-like eruption reported to occur occasionally in the subacute prurigo is a solid papule which is topped with a tiny friction blister.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Eruption of Prurigo simplex subacuta

Uehara¹,

Ofuji²

1976

Dermatology

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28 patients with typical picture of prurigo simplex subacuta were examined for the primary eruption. In all patients, the first visible lesion was a papule, at the top of which a vesicular element was never seen. 46 biopsy specimens of the initial eruption were serially sectioned. The histological changes were found in connection with hair follicles, which consisted of spongiosis and mononuclear cell migration at the follicular epidermis and perifollicular infiltrates of mononuclear cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Eruption of Prurigo simplex subacuta

Uehara¹,

Ofuji²

1976

Dermatology

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“…p depends largely upon the state of hydra tion of the skin surface where extremely dry or wet skin has a lower frictional resistance com pared to skin with an intermediate degree of moisture [9,10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Surface Lipid and Skin Friction: Relation to Age, Sex and Anatomical Region

Anastasia

Wilhelm

Maibach

1995

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Differences in the skin surface lipid content (SSL) and the dynamic friction coefficient (µ) were investigated with respect to age, sex, and anatomical region in 29 volunteers. The group consisted of (a) 7 young adult females (24.9 ± 1.1 years old, mean ± SD), (b) 7 old females (75.3 ± 2.4 years old), (c) 7 young adult males (28.7 ± 0.5 years old), and (d) 8 old males (73.8 ± 1.9 years old). Measurements were obtained on 11 anatomical regions, namely, the forehead, upper arm, volar and dorsal forearm, postauricular, palm, abdomen, upper and lower back, thigh, and ankle. Skin surface lipid content data were compared with µ measurements to determine the relative contribution of the former to frictional properties of skin, µ and SSL were not statistically different between age groups on all regions except for the ankle, where lipid content was lower in the elderly. Similarly, µ did not vary between sex groups. Skin surface lipid content was statistically lower on the forehead, dorsal forearm and postauricular area in females. Both parameters, however, showed considerable regional variability. A significant linear correlation was established between µ and SSL combining all regions from all volunteers. When µ was plotted against SSL among individual anatomic sites, only the forehead and postauricular area showed significant linear correlations between the two parameters. These data suggest that surface lipid content plays a limited role in frictional properties of skin.

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“…Other parameters that were known to affect the blister formation on human skin like the coefficient of friction, adhesion between the layers, thickness of the layers and the shear speed [4,5,8] were kept constant. Both the surface of the simulant and the surface of the wear head were unlubricated and untreated in any way throughout the experiment to maintain a constant coefficient of friction.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ESL was made of a polyurethane (PUR) layer of thickness of 0.6 mm, approximating the thickness of the epidermis in human skin [14]. Sufficient thickness of stratum corneum is known to be an important factor to produce friction blisters [5].…”

Section: Skin Simulant Design and Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two conditions were proposed to be critical for blister formation: 1) firm attachment of the lower epidermis to the adjacent tissue, and 2) sufficient thickness of the stratum corneum. This may be one of the reasons that the most common occurrences of friction blisters are on palms and soles of the feet [5]. Research done on extensibility of the skin has shown that when the skin extends, three factors act consecutively: 1) convolutions in the dermal collagen fibers straighten out, 2) the dermal collagen fibers get aligned parallel to each other in the direction of the load, and 3) as the load increases, the aligned fibers extend.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of the effect of the normal load on the incidence of friction blisters in a skin-simulant model

Chimata

Schwartz

2014

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J:

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A laminar skin simulant was constructed to study the incidence of friction blisters. The skin simulant consists of a thin polyurethane top layer and textured gum foam rubber bottom layer adhered to an acrylic-backing plate to emulate the layered structure of the human skin. Friction blisters were produced on the skin simulant by using a dual-axis tribometer. The effect of the applied normal load on the number of cycles required to produce a blister was investigated. The skin simulant was also analyzed as an adhesive-bonded laminar composite to determine the relationship between the applied normal load and the number of cycles for blistering. The normal load and the number of cycles were found to be inversely related and vary by a power law function, as observed in previous work on human subjects in Naylor's pioneering study. The results obtained from the experimental data and the fracture mechanics modeling of the skin simulant indicate the potential of elastomeric skin simulant in providing useful insight into blister mechanics and other tribological properties of skin. AbstractA laminar skin simulant was constructed to study the incidence of friction blisters. The skin simulant consists of a thin polyurethane top layer and textured gum foam rubber bottom layer adhered to an acrylic backing plate to emulate the layered structure of the human skin. Friction blisters were produced on the skin simulant by using a dual axis tribometer. The effect of the applied normal load on the number of cycles required to produce a blister was investigated. The skin simulant was also analyzed as an adhesive bonded laminar composite to determine the relationship between the applied normal load and the number of cycles for blistering. The normal load and the number of cycles were found to be inversely related and vary by a power law function, as observed in previous work on human subjects in Naylor's pioneering study. The results obtained from the experimental data and the fracture mechanics modeling of the skin simulant indicate the potential of elastomeric skin simulant in providing useful insight into blister mechanics and other tribological properties of skin.2

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Studies on Blisters Produced by Friction

Cited by 133 publications

References 4 publications

Primary Eruption of Prurigo simplex subacuta

Primary Eruption of Prurigo simplex subacuta

Skin Surface Lipid and Skin Friction: Relation to Age, Sex and Anatomical Region

Investigation of the effect of the normal load on the incidence of friction blisters in a skin-simulant model

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