Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions.

Stroop, J. Ridley

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.121.1.15

Cited by 6,510 publications

(8,020 citation statements)

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“…Study participants were administered a 2.5 hour battery of tests, which included Controlled Oral Word Association 10 ; the letter-number sequencing and the visual memory span subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale-III 11 ; the Ruff Figural Fluency Test 12 ; the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test 13 ; the logical memory subtest of the WMS-III; the Rey Complex Figure Test 14 ; the Stroop Color-Word Test 15 ; the Symbol Digit Modalities Test 16 ; and the Trail Making test, parts A and B. 10 The screening measures included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 17 and the National Adult Reading Test, 18 which served as an estimate of premorbid intellectual functioning.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative EEG Abnormalities are Associated With Memory Impairment in Recently Abstinent Methamphetamine-Dependent Individuals

Kalechstein¹,

Garza²,

Newton³

et al. 2009

Journal of Neuropsychiatry

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This study examined the association between brain electrical activity, measured using quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG), and performance on measures of episodic memory in a sample of nine methamphetamine-dependent individuals who were evaluated after 4 days of monitored abstinence and 10 non-drug-using comparison subjects. In methamphetamine users, but not in comparison subjects, increased theta power was correlated with poorer performance on the delayed recall subtests of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (p<0.05). There was no association between alpha, beta, and delta power and performance on the memory tests. These results complement previous findings by demonstrating that the electrophysiological abnormalities associated with methamphetamine dependence are likely to affect behavior in an observable and important manner (i.e., memory deficits) when users are not intoxicated.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative EEG Abnormalities are Associated With Memory Impairment in Recently Abstinent Methamphetamine-Dependent Individuals

Kalechstein¹,

Garza²,

Newton³

et al. 2009

Journal of Neuropsychiatry

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“…We test this prediction using the Stroop Test (Stroop, 1935)-a task on which convergent thinking actually facilitates performance Nemeth, Mosier, & Chiles, 1992;Peterson & Nemeth, 1996). On this task, participants view the name of a color printed in ink of the same color (e.g.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the word "Red" printed in yellow ink) and they are asked to name the color of ink. Stroop (1935) reported that participants took significantly more time to name the ink when the word did not match the color than when it did match the color. Performance on this task improves when participants are able to focus their attention more convergently on the color of ink while filtering out the word itself (Nemeth et al, 1992).…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Squeezed in the middle: The middle status trade creativity for focus.

Duguid

Goncalo

2015

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Classical research on social influence suggested that people are the most conforming in the middle of a status hierarchy as opposed to the top or bottom. Yet, this promising line of research was abandoned before the psychological mechanism behind middle status conformity had been identified. Moving beyond the early focus on conformity, we propose that the threat of status loss may make those with middle status more wary of advancing creative solutions in fear that they will be evaluated negatively. Using different manipulations of status and measures of creativity, we found that when being evaluated, middle status individuals were less creative than either high status or low status individuals (Studies 1 & 2). In addition, we found that anxiety at the prospect of status loss also caused individuals with middle status to narrow their focus of attention and to think more convergently (Study 3). We delineate the consequences of power and status both theoretically and empirically by showing that, unlike status, the relationship between power and creativity is positive and linear (Study 4). By both measuring status (Studies 2 & 3) and by manipulating it directly (Study 5), we demonstrate that the threat of status loss explains the consequences of middle status. Finally, we discuss the theoretical implications of our results for future research on status and problem solving on tasks that require either focus or flexibility.

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“…A third problem is that each executive function can be assessed by several cognitive tasks. For example, inhibition function has been evaluated by the Stroop test [117], the Hayling task [23], the stop-signal paradigm [73], the antisaccade task [100], the negative priming [119] and the directed forgetting paradigm [130]. Finally, as Duncan [43; see also 19 and 99] has pointed out, tasks cease to be effective tests of executive function as soon as they are performed more than once and thus become automatic.…”

Section: The Central Executive Of Working Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%