Studies in the dynamics of histogenesis. Tension of differential growth as a stimulus to myogenesis. VII. The experimental transformation of the smooth bladder muscle of the dog, histologically into cross‐striated muscle and physiologically into an organ manifesting rhythmicality

Carey, Eben J.

doi:10.1002/aja.1000290304

Cited by 33 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…1983). Other investigators have induced hypertrophy by placing a bolus of paraffin chronically into the bladder (Peterson et al 1974), or simply by repeatedly injecting fluid into the organ (Carey 1921). Compression or ligature is used to induce hypertrophy of the ureter (Lange 1940).…”

Section: Experimental Models In Laboratory Animalscontrasting

confidence: 40%

Hypertrophy of visceral smooth muscle

Gabella

1990

Anat Embryol

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Smooth muscles of viscera undergo a large increase in volume when there is a chronic, partial obstruction impairing the flow of lumenal contents. Hypertrophy of smooth muscle occurs in various medical conditions and several methods are available for inducing it experimentally in laboratory animals, especially in urinary bladder, small intestine and ureter. The hypertrophic response differs somewhat with the type of organ, the animal species, the age of the subject, and the experimental procedure. Ten- to fifteen-fold increases in muscle volume develop within a few weeks in the urinary bladder or the ileum of adult animals, a growth that would not have occurred in the lifespan of the animal without the experimental intervention. The general architecture of the muscle and the boundaries with adjacent tissues are well preserved. In intestinal hypertrophy, muscle cells increase in number: mitoses are found in mature, fully differentiated muscle cells. Cell division by full longitudinal splitting of muscle cells may also occur. Enlargement of muscle cells accounts for most of the muscle hypertrophy. The hypertrophic muscle cell has an irregular profile with deep indentations of the cell membrane, bearing caveolae and dense bands; however, the cell surface grows less than the cell volume (reduction of surface-to-volume ratio). The nucleus is crenated and is much less enlarged than the cell (reduction of the nucleo-plasmatic ratio). Mitochondria grow in number but in some muscles their spatial density decreases; intermediate filaments increase more than myofilaments. The spatial density of sarcoplasmic reticulum is generally increased. In the hypertrophic intestine, gap junctions increase in number and size; in the bladder, gap junctions are absent both in control and in hypertrophy. Thus the hypertrophic muscle cell is not only larger than a control cell, but has a different pattern of its structural components. Extensive neo-angiogenesis maintains a good blood supply to the hypertrophic muscle. The density of innervation is much decreased in the hypertrophic intestine, whereas it appears well maintained in the bladder. Neuronal enlargement is found in the intramural ganglia of the intestine and in the pelvic ganglion. The mechanisms involved in hypertrophic growth are unknown. Three possible factors, mechanical factors, especially stretch, altered nerve discharge, and trophic factors are discussed.

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Section: Experimental Models In Laboratory Animalscontrasting

confidence: 40%

Hypertrophy of visceral smooth muscle

Gabella

1990

Anat Embryol

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“…The bladders of the nephrectomized partners, however, were not significantly smaller than those of intact single control rats until the fourth week (p<.Ol). I n contrast, the bladders of the intact parabiotic rats showed a significant ( p < .OS) increase in relative weight over the intact single controls as early as 1 week after nephrectomy of their partners. Bladders are apparently quicker to hypertrophy than they are to atrophy.…”

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confidence: 49%

Disuse Atrophy of the Urinary Bladder After Bilateral Nephrectomy

Goss

Singleton

1971

Experimental Biology and Medicine

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There is reason to believe that the size to which a urinary bladder grows depends at least in part upon how much it is stretched. Fifty years ago, Carey (1) induced excessive growth of the dog bladder by artificially overloading it with fluid injections. Parasympathetic denervation in the cat, which interferes with normal voiding mechanisms, likewise stimulates bladder hypertrophy ( 2 ) . Further, regeneration of the rat bladder after cystectomy (3-6) depends on the distention normally exerted by the inflow of urine, and fails to take place if the ureters axe diverted to an external drain ( 7 ) .The present investigation has been designed to find out what happens to the bladders of growing rats deprived of both kidneys for prolonged periods of time. Nephrectomized animals were kept alive by parabiosis to intact partners and the sizes of their bladders were determined at intervals up to 1 year after operation. The atrophy which occurs in such bladders has been analyzed to learn if it is absolute (outright loss of weight) or relative (continued growth, but at a retarded rate) and to determine if there is a minimal size below which the bladder will not atro-Materials and Methods. Experiments were carried out on Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. A total of 119 pairs of littermates weighing between 55 and 105 g were parabiosed under Nembutal anesthesia by uniting their abdominal cavities, tying their adjacent humeri and scapulae together, and joining their skin from neck to hip with wound clips. Deaths due to immunological incompatibilities occurred in 41% of the parabiotic pairs between days 9 and 24 (av = 18.3 days).Bilateral nephrectomies were performed on etherized rats via dorsolateral incisions on phy. 1. Supported by NIH Grant FR-07085.one member of each of the 70 surviving pairs. Of these, 16 pairs (23%) died after intervals ranging from 4 to 40 days (av = 18.9 days), presumably owing to renal insufficiency. Fifteen other pairs were lost or discarded for various technical reasons. The experimental results are based on 39 pairs killed in groups of five after 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 weeks, plus four others that lived to be killed at the end of 1 year. An additional group of 35 normal rats of both sexes, weighing between 130 and 793 g, served as controls.Rats were killed under Nembutal anesthesia. Parabiotic pairs were first cut apart and their respective body weights measured. The weights of the nephrectomized rats averaged 20.6% less than their intact partners. Each bladder was freed of adhering tissues, separated at the neck, emptied, blotted, weighed, and fixed (usually inflated) in Bouin's solution. Wet weights were also recorded for the kidneys of single control rats and unoperated parabiotic partners. Bladders were sectioned and stained either with Mallory's triple connective tissue stain or with hematoxylin and eosin.Results. Figure 1 shows the appearance of the bladders at the time of killing 8 weeks postoperatively. That of the nephrectomized rat has atrophied extensively, while the bladder in the...

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Wound Contraction and Fibrocontractive Disorders

Ariyan¹

1978

Arch Surg

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Studies in the dynamics of histogenesis. Tension of differential growth as a stimulus to myogenesis. VII. The experimental transformation of the smooth bladder muscle of the dog, histologically into cross‐striated muscle and physiologically into an organ manifesting rhythmicality

Cited by 33 publications

References 11 publications

Hypertrophy of visceral smooth muscle

Hypertrophy of visceral smooth muscle

Disuse Atrophy of the Urinary Bladder After Bilateral Nephrectomy

Wound Contraction and Fibrocontractive Disorders

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