Studies in muscular activity

Bock, Arlie V.; Vancaulaert, C.; Dill, D. B.; Fölling, A.; Hurxthal, Lewis M.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1928.sp002515

Cited by 39 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…A fundamental assumption inherent to the use of HRex as a key monitoring measure in SMFT is based on its ability to provide a valid marker of within-athlete relative exercise intensity due to its linear relationship with oxygen uptake at a wide spectrum of submaximal intensities [ 4 , 9 ]. From a physiological perspective, an essential component of this assumption is that the exercise regimen should be continuous (intends to elicit steady-state) [ 4 , 80 ]. Interestingly, most of our included studies administered SMFT protocols characterised as intermittent (incremental), including shorter versions of the most commonly used intermittent shuttle fitness tests such as Yo-YoIR1 and 30-15 IFT .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submaximal Fitness Test in Team Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Exercise Heart Rate Measurement Properties

et al. 2023

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Background Submaximal fitness tests (SMFT) are a pragmatic approach for evaluating athlete’s physiological state, due to their time-efficient nature, low physiological burden and relative ease of administration in team sports settings. While a variety of outcome measures can be collected during SMFT, exercise heart rate (HRex) is the most popular. Understanding the measurement properties of HRex can support the interpretation of data and assist in decision making regarding athlete’s current physiological state and training effects. Objectives The aims of our systematic review and meta-analysis were to: (1) establish meta-analytic estimates of SMFT HRex reliability and convergent validity and (2) examine the moderating influence of athlete and protocol characteristics on the magnitude of these measurement properties. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search with MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science databases for studies published up until January 2022 since records began. Studies were considered for inclusion when they included team sports athletes and the reliability and/or convergent validity of SMFT HRex was investigated. Reliability statistics included the group mean difference (MD), typical error of measurement (TE) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) derived from test–retest(s) designs. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) describing the relationship between SMFT HRex and a criterion measure of endurance performance was used as the statistic for convergent validity. Qualitative assessment was conducted using risk of bias assessment tool for non-randomised studies. Mixed-effects, multilevel hierarchical models combined with robust variance estimate tests were performed to obtain pooled measurement property estimates, effect heterogeneity, and meta-regression of modifying effects. Results The electronic search yielded 21 reliability (29 samples) and 20 convergent validity (29 samples) studies that met the inclusion criteria. Reliability meta-analysis indicated good absolute (MD = 0.5 [95% CI 0.1 to 0.9] and TE = 1.6 [95% CI 1.4 to 1.9] % points), and high relative (ICC = 0.88 [95% CI 0.84 to 0.91]) reliability. Convergent validity meta-analysis indicated an inverse, large relationship (r = − 0.58 [95% CI − 0.62 to − 0.54]) between SMFT HRex and endurance tests performance. Meta-regression analyses suggested no meaningful influence of SMFT protocol or athlete characteristics on reliability or convergent validity estimates. Conclusions Submaximal fitness test HRex is a reliable and valid proxy indicator of endurance performance in team sport athletes. Athlete and SMFT protocol characteristics do not appear to have a meaningful effect on these measurement properties. Practitioners may implement SMFT HRex for monitoring athlete’s physiological state by using our applied implications to guide the interpretation of data in practice. Future research should examine the utility of SMFT HRex to track within-athlete changes in aerobic capacity, as well as any further possible effects of SMFT protocols design elements or HRex analytical methods on measurement properties. Registration Protocol registration can be found in Open Science Framework and available through https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/9C2JV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submaximal Fitness Test in Team Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Exercise Heart Rate Measurement Properties

et al. 2023

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The Cardiac Output in Heart Disease

Alt¹

1930

Arch Intern Med (Chic)

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Aerobic Metabolism and the Steady-State Concept

Ferretti

2015

Energetics of Muscular Exercise

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This chapter contains an analysis of the steady-state concept, as it is applied during light exercise. In this case, oxygen consumption increases upon exercise onset to attain a steady level, which can be maintained for a long period of time. The steady-state oxygen consumption is proportional to the exerted mechanical power. Under these circumstances, there is neither accumulation of lactate in blood nor changes in muscle phosphocreatine concentration: aerobic metabolism sustains the entire energy requirement of the exercising body. Once the steady state has been attained, the flow of oxygen is the same at all levels along the respiratory system. The quantitative relations determining the flow of oxygen across the alveoli and in blood are discussed. Special attention is given to the effects of ventilation-perfusion inequality and to the diffusion-perfusion interaction equations. The cardiovascular responses at exercise steady state are analysed in the context of the equilibrium between systemic oxygen delivery and systemic oxygen return. The relationship between oxygen consumption and power is discussed, along with the distinction between external and internal work during cycling. The concepts of mechanical efficiency of exercise and energy cost of locomotion are analysed. Concerning the latter, the distinction between aerodynamic work and frictional work is introduced. The roles of the cross-sectional surface area on the frontal plane and of air density in aerodynamic work are discussed. To end with, an equation linking ventilation, circulation and metabolism at exercise in a tight manner is developed, around the notion that the homeostasis of the respiratory system at exercise is maintained around given values of the constant oxygen return. This equation tells that, as long as we are during steady-state exercise in normoxia, any increase in the exercise metabolic rate requires an increase in ventilation that is proportional to that in oxygen consumption only if the pulmonary respiratory quotient stays invariant does not change, and an increase in cardiac output that is not proportional to the corresponding increase in oxygen consumption. At intense exercise, when lactate accumulation also occurs and hyperventilation superimposes, a new steady state would be attained only at P A CO 2 values lower than 40 mmHg: the homeostasis of the respiratory system would be modified. This new steady state, however, is never attained in fact, for reasons that are discussed in Chap. 3.

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Studies in muscular activity

Cited by 39 publications

References 1 publication

Submaximal Fitness Test in Team Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Exercise Heart Rate Measurement Properties

Submaximal Fitness Test in Team Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Exercise Heart Rate Measurement Properties

The Cardiac Output in Heart Disease

Aerobic Metabolism and the Steady-State Concept

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