Studi Environmental Kuznets Curve Di Asia: Sebelum Dan Setelah Millennium Development Goals

Abstract

Pencemaran lingkungan dapat menurunkan kesejahteraan subyektif (subjective well-being). Studi ini bertujuan membuktikan berlakunya hipotesis Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) di negara-negara berpendapatan tinggi dan menengah Asia, juga untuk menganalisis perbedaan pengaruh GDP per kapita, konsumsi energi, dan populasi penduduk pada emisi CO2 di wilayah yang sama pada periode sebelum dan setelah MDGs. Data diperoleh dari World Bank dengan periode waktu 1987-2014, di mana analisisnya menggunakan metode kuantitatif dan expose facto, dan melalui persamaan regresi data panel guna mencapai tujuan penelitian. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa sampai 2014 hipotesis EKC yang berbentuk U-terbalik belum terjadi di negara-negara high income yang diteliti, namun akan terjadi ketika GDP per kapita sudah mencapai USD 51.44 ribu. Sedangkan di negara-negara lower middle income, pola hubungan antara GDP per kapita dan emisi CO2 masih membentuk kurva U, atau dengan kata lain hipotesis EKC belum akan terjadi di negara-negara ini, karena di beberapa negara tersebut masih dalam tahap awal pembangunan. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa sebelum MDGs (tahun 2000), GDP per kapita, konsumsi energi dan jumlah penduduk di negara-negara high income berkontribusi atas naiknya emisi CO2, namun pasca MDGs ditetapkan, meningkatnya GDP per kapita mampu menurunkan emisi CO2. Sedangkan di negara-negara low middle income, di awal penelitian sebelum MDGs, data menunjukkan bahwa CO2 sudah tinggi pada saat GDP per kapita masih rendah, dan pasca MDGs, kenaikan GDP per kapita masih berkontribusi atas meningkatnya emisi CO2.

The Impact of Economic Growth and Trade Openness on Environmental Degradation: Evidence from A Panel of ASEAN Countries

“…The higher the level of economic growth of a country, the higher the level of awareness in each country of its concern for the environment, especially CO2 emissions. This study is in line with that conducted by Arouri, Hossain, and Badrul Muttakin (2014), Ali, Soemarno, and Purnomo (2015), Ibrahiem (2016), andNikensari, Destilawati, andNurjanah (2019).…”

The Effect of Economic Growth, Agricultural Land, and Trade Openness Moderated By Population Density on Deforestation in OIC Countries

“…EKC theory focuses on environmental degradation such as air pollution and deforestation (Mosconi et al, 2020). The stages of the EKC theory are divided into 3 stages, namely the pre-industrial economy, the industrial economy, and the post-industrial economy where the economy is dominated by the service sector (Nikensari et al, 2019).…”

“…Previous research has several times discussed the determinants of deforestation in a country, mainly related to economic growth, but there are still differences in results. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) states that initially economic growth has the effect of increasing environmental degradation until it reaches a point where people realize the need for better environmental quality so that environmental degradation will decrease (Nikensari et al, 2019). Previous research has shown that there is a directly proportional relationship between economic growth and deforestation (Ahmed et al, 2015;Faria & Almeida, 2016;Nathaniel & Bekun, 2020;Yameogo, 2021).…”

Analysis of the Effects of Economic Growth and Development on Inequality and the Environment

“…Economic growth cannot solve environmental problems (Aydin & Esen, 2017). Fasikha & Yuliadi (2018) There are indications that high-income countries will be able to reduce CO2 emissions after reaching the turning point, while lower-middle-income countries will still be unable to reduce CO2 emissions even though they have exceeded the turning point (Apergis et al, 2017;Nikensari et al, 2019). Middle development countries have an inverted U curve characteristic, while developed countries and low development countries are indicated to have no turning point, or CO2 emissions, and environmental damage will continue to increase (Yustisia & Sugiyanto, 2014).…”

“…the inverted U hypothesis on environmental issuesA quadratic nonlinear regression model is used to determine the projected decline(Cahyadin et al, 2021;Nikensari et al.Based on equations 2 and 5, to estimate the validity of the inverted Kuznets U curve hypothesis, it is based on the following conditions: If < 0, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship If > 0, there is no inverse U-shaped relationship This study uses a 95% Confident Interval or 0.05 RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Economic Growth in Jambi Province Jambi province's economic growth during the 2010-2021 period had a positive trend, except in 2020, this year's economic growth contracted by -0.44% due to the COVID-19 pandemic.…”