“…Students in ODE encounter technical difficulties (Bączek et al, 2021;Yurdal et al, 2021), communication struggles (Duman, 2023;Tanhan et al, 2023), motivational problems (Hebebci et al, 2020), and mental health issues (Lee et al, 2023;Li & Che, 2022) among others. As a result, students often develop a negative attitude towards ODE, as evidenced by studies conducted in various countries, including Indonesia (Wijaya et al, 2021), Russia (Illarionova et al, 2021), the United States (Unger & Meiran, 2020), Pakistan (Adnan & Anwar, 2020), and Turkey (Yazgan, 2022).…”