“…My alternative starts with the recognition that accountability is a political project in which ends and means are inseparable – how we are accountable is part of being accountable (Fuller, ). Attention to the method of accountability matters, but Gerry Mashaw () argues that the prior questions are about the purpose to be served and, therefore, the particular ‘accountability regime’ chosen. Accountability regimes are defined by the answers to six questions.…”
Section: Generic Questions About Accountability Regimes At the Wtomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Accountability regimes are defined by the answers to six questions. In his first formulation, Mashaw argued that analysts should ask: Who is liable or accountable to whom ; what they are liable to be called to account for; through what processes accountability is to be assured; by what standards the putatively accountable behavior is to be judged; and, what the potential effects are of finding that those standards have been breached (Mashaw, , p. 17).…”
Section: Generic Questions About Accountability Regimes At the Wtomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Mashaw () shows that the answers to the six questions will differ for domestic accountability regimes associated with: public governance ; those that police the marketplace ; and those that inhabit the nongovernmental, nonmarket, social realm. Answers will also differ depending on the device an accountability regime uses.…”
Section: Generic Questions About Accountability Regimes At the Wtomentioning
Accountability is fundamental to democratic governance and good administration, but its multiple meanings and claimants challenge international organizations. Who is accountable implies who can be accountable, and the matters for which some process exists to hold them accountable through some effect on their behavior. The answers to those questions in the World Trade Organization (WTO) will differ depending on who is asking and on the values to be promoted, from international order, procedural fairness, prosperity and justice to sustainable development. An anatomy of accountability in the WTO finds many possible 'accountability regimes', illuminating the tension between vertical and horizontal accountability (domestic responsiveness and international obligation) and the challenge in choosing among horizontal accountability regimes (promise keeping by members): efforts to satisfy any one accountability claim can make achieving the others more difficult.
Policy Implications• International organizations such as the WTO face a choice between horizontal accountability for international obligations and vertical democratic responsiveness.• Institutional designers must choose among differing conceptions of the purposes for which organizations ought to be accountable, because the processes through which such accountability can be pursued will not be identical.
“…My alternative starts with the recognition that accountability is a political project in which ends and means are inseparable – how we are accountable is part of being accountable (Fuller, ). Attention to the method of accountability matters, but Gerry Mashaw () argues that the prior questions are about the purpose to be served and, therefore, the particular ‘accountability regime’ chosen. Accountability regimes are defined by the answers to six questions.…”
Section: Generic Questions About Accountability Regimes At the Wtomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Accountability regimes are defined by the answers to six questions. In his first formulation, Mashaw argued that analysts should ask: Who is liable or accountable to whom ; what they are liable to be called to account for; through what processes accountability is to be assured; by what standards the putatively accountable behavior is to be judged; and, what the potential effects are of finding that those standards have been breached (Mashaw, , p. 17).…”
Section: Generic Questions About Accountability Regimes At the Wtomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Mashaw () shows that the answers to the six questions will differ for domestic accountability regimes associated with: public governance ; those that police the marketplace ; and those that inhabit the nongovernmental, nonmarket, social realm. Answers will also differ depending on the device an accountability regime uses.…”
Section: Generic Questions About Accountability Regimes At the Wtomentioning
Accountability is fundamental to democratic governance and good administration, but its multiple meanings and claimants challenge international organizations. Who is accountable implies who can be accountable, and the matters for which some process exists to hold them accountable through some effect on their behavior. The answers to those questions in the World Trade Organization (WTO) will differ depending on who is asking and on the values to be promoted, from international order, procedural fairness, prosperity and justice to sustainable development. An anatomy of accountability in the WTO finds many possible 'accountability regimes', illuminating the tension between vertical and horizontal accountability (domestic responsiveness and international obligation) and the challenge in choosing among horizontal accountability regimes (promise keeping by members): efforts to satisfy any one accountability claim can make achieving the others more difficult.
Policy Implications• International organizations such as the WTO face a choice between horizontal accountability for international obligations and vertical democratic responsiveness.• Institutional designers must choose among differing conceptions of the purposes for which organizations ought to be accountable, because the processes through which such accountability can be pursued will not be identical.
“…Yet, even before it became an issue in online life, accountability was difficult to clarify. This is recognized by those who have studied accountability in the context of administrative law or public policy: Mashaw [16] notes that "accountability is a protean concept, a placeholder for multiple contemporary anxieties," while Mulgan [18] observes that "accountability has not yet had time to accumulate a substantial tradition of academic analysis" and that "there has been little agreement, or even common ground of disagreement, over the general nature of accountability or its various mechanisms. "…”
The standard technical approach to privacy and security in online life is preventive: Before someone can access confidential data or take any other action that implicates privacy or security, he should be required to prove that he is authorized to do so. As the scale and complexity of online activity has grown, it has become apparent that the preventive approach is inadequate; thus, a growing set of information-security researchers has embraced greater reliance on accountability mechanisms to complement preventive measures. Despite widespread agreement that "accountability" is important in online life, the term has no standard definition. We make three contributions to the study of accountability: (1) We flesh out with realistic examples our claim that a purely preventive approach to security is inadequate; (2) We present, compare, and contrast some existing formal frameworks for accountability; (3) We explore the question of whether "deterrence" may be a better general term in this context than "accountability."
“…Cf Mashaw 2005,. arguing that the major flaw in Stewart's essay was "that article's tendency to take the transmission belt metaphor too seriously -to assume that administrative accountability and administrative legitimacy must flow from or be oriented towards a single source of political authority rooted in electoral processes" (at p. 37).…”
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