Structure of the Rete Mirabile in the Kidney of the Rat as Seen with the Electron Microscope

Longley, James B.; Banfield, William G.; Brindley, Darlene C.

doi:10.1083/jcb.7.1.103

Cited by 57 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Astrom et al (1964) and Pines (1960) reported the presence of ganglia, but they are very few in number and are found in the subcapsular region. Most workers have denied the existence of intrarenal ganglia (Mitchell, 1951 ;DeMuylder, 1952;Page & McCubbin, 1953;Longley, Banfield & Brindley, 1960;Moffat & Fourman, 1967;McGiff et al, 1967;McKenna & Angelakos, 1968a, b;Conchoa & Norris, 1968;Stinson et al, 1969). The most likely site of release of the acetylcholine is from cholinergic nerve terminals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A possible sympathetic cholinergic mechanism in the renal reflex elicited by stimulation of abdominal viscera in the dog

1975

Clin Exp Pharma Physio

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1. Isolated blood-bathed tissues which were superfused with renal venous blood during various manipulations of the visceral organs of dogs showed no detectable pharmacologically active substances, except a noradrenaline-like substance which was liberated under some conditions of manipulation. 2. An acetylcholine-like substance was liberated into renal venous blood during experimental manipulation of visceral organs in dogs during infusion of physostigmine; the acetylcholine activity was detected with the dorsal muscle of the leech. 3. The amount of liberated acetylcholine-like substance depended on the strength of visceral stimulation as judged by the changes in the hepatic portal venous pressure. Strong reflex stimulation produced the release not only of acetylcholine but also of noradrenaline. 4. Physostigmine augmented and prolonged the reflexly induced renal vasodilator and diuretic responses, and these were abolished by atropine. It was suggested that the reflex involves a cholinergic nervous mechanism. 5. In some dogs there was a high output of acetylcholine from the kidney during visceral stimulation, and this was accompanied by a decrease in urine flow. The reason was not known. 6. Prostaglandin E1 administered into the renal artery produced similar vasodilator and diuretic responses to acetylcholine, but the onset of the effects were slower and they persisted longer than those produced by acetylcholine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A possible sympathetic cholinergic mechanism in the renal reflex elicited by stimulation of abdominal viscera in the dog

1975

Clin Exp Pharma Physio

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“…3B, upper arrows) and vasa recta induced by the diuretic drugs suggest that the decreased resistance in these vessels may be responsible for the relative increase in resistance in the peritubular capillaries which supply the tubules and collecting ducts in this region. Several groups (1,18,19) have now demonstrated that the vasa recta are not interspersed between the loops of Henle and collecting ducts in the outer medulla, and Thorburn et al (1) have shown that the vasa recta in this region are enclosed in a thick connective tissue sheath. Some branches to the peritubular plexus may be given off by the vasa recta, and many of the vasa recta may terminate by breaking up into coalescing branches sur- Ludwig's diagrammatic illustration of the course of the blood vessels within the cortex proper (20); m, the space occupied by the medullary radius; b, that occupied by the convoluted canals, ai, arteria interlobularis; vi, vena interlobularis; va, vas afferens glomeruli, ve, vas efferens glomeruli; gl, glomerulus; and zv, venous twig of the interlobular vein.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redistribution of Renal Blood Flow Produced by Furosemide and Ethacrynic Acid

Birtch

Zakheim

Jones

et al. 1967

Circulation Research

162

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Outer medullary blood flow ( S5 Kr method) is markedly reduced by furosemide and ethacrynic acid injected into the renal artery of unanesthetized dogs; juxtamedullary cortical flow is also decreased. Anatomic localization of the redistribution was verified by autoradiography and by silastic injection studies. The injected specimens demonstrated a relative increase in the resistance of the peritubular capillaries of the juxtamedullary cortex and outer medulla, the blood supply of the juxtamedullary tubules, Henle's loops and collecting ducts; the vasa recta were dilated. Total renal blood flow (Doppler flowmeter) decreased 10% 1 min after injection, and then gradually began to increase at 2 to 3 min, reaching levels 25 to 30% above control as cortical blood flow increased. The vasodilatation in the cortex is probably localized in the pars radiata. The onset of the diuresis coincided with the decrease in renal blood flow, and persisted after total renal blood flow returned to control value. Thus, the time course of the diuresis correlated more closely with the sustained decrease in juxtamedullary and outer medullary blood flow.ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS diuretics diuresis vasa recta renal medulla unanesthetized dogs medullary blood flow peritubular capillaries• In an attempt to determine whether redistribution of renal blood flow may alter sodium and water excretion, we have studied the effects of the new potent diuretic agents, furosemide (4 chloro-N-[2-furyl methyl]-5sulfamyl-anthranilic acid) and ethacrynic acid (2, 3-dichloro-4-[2 methylenebutyl]-phenoxyacetic acid) on renal blood flow using the 85 Kr technique (1). These drugs abolish the concentrating ability of the kidney, and impair the diluting capacity; these effects suggest that a major site of action is in the ascending portion of the loop of Henle in the outer medulla (2). Evidence for a more prox-IOOK count/min O.IK Kr Disoppearance Curves CORTICAL \ CORTICAL A ANDB t B3 Kr INJECTED MINUTES FIGURE Comparison of the first 4 min of the S5 Kr disappearance curves following injection of the isotope into the renal artery of a control dog (dashed line), and a dog with a diuresis induced by furosemide (solid line). The graphic representation of the derived exponentials is shown in the lower portion of the figure.

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“…In both regions the particles were only found outside those vessels possessing a thin-walled fenestrated endothelium. Such vessels, in the vascular bundles of the outer medulla, can be identified as ascending vasa recta [Longley et al, 1960;Moffat, 1967;Dieterich, 1968] but in the inner medulla one cannot distinguish between ascending vasa recta and medullary capillaries, since both have endothelium of this type. The particles were usually found in the basement membrane immediately external to the endothelium ( fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extravascular Protein in the Renal Medulla

Moffat¹

1969

Exp Physiol

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The permeability to protein of the vessels of the renal medulla in the rat was studied by intravenous injection of Evans' Blue or fluorescent-labelled serum, followed by perfusion of the whole vascular system with saline. The vessels of the inner medulla and the vasa recta of the vascular bundles of the outer medulla were found to be rapidly and freely permeable to protein. Electron microscopy, after the injection of ferritin, Thorotrast or colloidal gold, showed the vessels probably concerned in the protein leak to be ascending vasa recta and the capillaries of the medulla. The findings support suggestions that extravascular albumen is important in the process of concentration of the urine.THERE is considerable evidence for the existence of a large pool of exchangeable albumen in the kidney, and the results of a number of studies suggest that much of this is extravascular. This has been shown by the many workers who have used radioactive albumen and labelled red cells to investigate the relative distribution of cells and plasma in the kidney Collings and Swann, 1958;Lassen et al., 1958;Goldberg and Lilienfield, 1963;Ochwadt, 1963;Chinard et al., 1964]. More recently, Giirtner et al. [1968] have investigated the problem using 1311 albumen and polyvinylpyrrolidon to follow the fate of large molecules. They found a rapid loss of protein from post-glomerular vessels; 50 per cent of extravascular protein exchanged in 12 minutes -a very rapid rate of exchange compared to that of other organs. Pinter [1967], using isotope-labelled chylomicrons as an indicator of intravascular plasma space, found a large quantity of extravascular albumen in the kidney, equivalent to 31 per cent of the total renal albumen.A more direct method was that of Slotkoff and Lilienfield [1967] who injected 131I albumen and 51Cr red cells into dogs and then perfused the vascular system with dextran to clear the vessels of blood. They found a significantly higher proportion of albumen than of red cells remaining in the kidney, presumably indicating an extravascular albumen pool.Attempts to visualize the extravascular albumen directly have met with conflicting results. Pomerantz et al. [1965], using fluorescin-labelled albumen in rats, found that fluorescence microscopy showed extravascular protein, particularly in the medulla, as little as 40 seconds after the injection. Carone et al. [1963, 1967], on the other hand, found albumen only within the vessels. Wilde and Vorburger [1967], who used Evans' Blue in hamsters, described and illustrated extravascular dye in freeze-dried kidneys embedded in Epon. A number of other authors who have used Evans' Blue to study the renal circulation have noticed staining of the kidneys as an incidental 60

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Structure of the Rete Mirabile in the Kidney of the Rat as Seen with the Electron Microscope

Cited by 57 publications

References 12 publications

A possible sympathetic cholinergic mechanism in the renal reflex elicited by stimulation of abdominal viscera in the dog

A possible sympathetic cholinergic mechanism in the renal reflex elicited by stimulation of abdominal viscera in the dog

Redistribution of Renal Blood Flow Produced by Furosemide and Ethacrynic Acid

Extravascular Protein in the Renal Medulla

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