Structure of a β-(1→3)-<scp>d</scp>-glucan from yeast cell walls

Manners, D. J.; Masson, A. J.; Patterson, J. C.

doi:10.1042/bj1370417d

Cited by 62 publications

(91 citation statements)

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“…The altered distribution of chitin was accompanied by a large displacement of glucans from the alkali-soluble to the alkali-insoluble fraction. It is worthwhile remembering that alkali insolubility has been explained by a linkage between chitin and glucan chains (Kollar et al, 1995) and that the alkali-insoluble glucans are, in the main, responsible for cell-wall rigidity (Manners et al, 1973 appearance argue in favour of this hypothesis. The cellwall alterations we observed could be then regarded as a variation of compensatory mechanisms having a common theme: changes in the amount and/or distribution of cell-wall components to achieve a structure of sufficient mechanical effectiveness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Inactivation of the KlPMR1 gene of Kluyveromyces lactis results in defective cell-wall morphogenesis

et al. 1999

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The P-type Ca2+-ATPases are the transporters responsible for calcium homeostasis in the cell compartments of eukaryotes. The KlPMR7 gene of KIuyveromyces lactis encodes a P-type Ca*+-ATPase, which is functionally and structurally homologous to Pmrl p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the calcium pump localized in the Golgi membranes. In this work, a novel involvement of KlPmrlp in cell-wall morphogenesis of K, lactis is reported. KlpmrIA cells exhibited the loss of outer-chain extension in the glycosylation of secreted proteins. The absence of KlPmrlp resulted in the accumulation of round, large cells with an abnormally thick cell wall, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. The deletant strain also showed a delocalized deposition of chitin in the lateral cell wall accompanied by an unbalanced ratio of insoluble to soluble glucans. These morphological defects were accompanied by the presence of irregularly shaped nuclei and by a DNA content greater than 2n. Addition of I 0 mM Ca2+ to the medium of the KlpmrIA strain reversed the chitin-deposition impairment, recovered the alteration to the glucan ratio and restored a normal thickness of the cell wall. The mutant cells resumed wildtype size, shape and nuclear morphology but the DNA content indicated the persistence of defects in the co-ordination between DNA replication and cell division. The glycosylation defects were completely unaffected by the calcium supplement. These results indicate that calcium homeostasis controlled by KlPmrlp plays an important role in the cell-wall morphogenesis of K. lactis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Inactivation of the KlPMR1 gene of Kluyveromyces lactis results in defective cell-wall morphogenesis

et al. 1999

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“…After being washed, cell walls were lyophilized and stored in a desiccator. Glucans (fractions S-1, S-2, P-1 and P-2) were extracted as described by Manners et al (1973). Mannoproteins were extracted and partially purified from cell walls by Cetavlon (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) fractionation (Schmitt & Radler, 1987;Santos et al, 2000) and chitin was obtained as described by Fleet (Fleet & Phaff, 1973;Fleet, 1991).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PMKT2, a new killer toxin from Pichia membranifaciens, and its promising biotechnological properties for control of the spoilage yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis

et al. 2009

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Pichia membranifaciens CYC 1086 secretes a killer toxin (PMKT2) that is inhibitory to a variety of spoilage yeasts and fungi of agronomical interest. The killer toxin in the culture supernatant was concentrated by ultrafiltration and purified to homogeneity by two successive steps, including native electrophoresis and HPLC gel filtration. Biochemical characterization of the toxin showed it to be a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa and an isoelectric point of 3.7. At pH 4.5, optimal killer activity was observed at temperatures up to 20 6C. Above approximately this pH, activity decreased sharply and was barely noticeable at pH 6. The toxin concentrations present in the supernatant during optimal production conditions exerted a fungicidal effect on a variety of fungal and yeast strains. The results obtained suggest that PMKT2 has different physico-chemical properties from PMKT as well as different potential uses in the biocontrol of spoilage yeasts. PMKT2 was able to inhibit Brettanomyces bruxellensis while Saccharomyces cerevisiae was fully resistant, indicating that PMKT2 could be used in wine fermentations to avoid the development of the spoilage yeast without deleterious effects on the fermentative strain. In small-scale fermentations, PMKT2, as well as P. membranifaciens CYC 1086, was able to inhibit B. bruxellensis, verifying the biocontrol activity of PMKT2 in simulated winemaking conditions. INTRODUCTIONWorldwide, microbial growth destroys large amounts of various products, causing yield losses in the agronomical and biotechnological industries. Traditionally, biocides have been used to deal with these problems but different disadvantages such as establishment of resistant strains and suppression of natural competitors have made alternatives such as biological control necessary (Beever et al., 1989;Raposo et al., 2000). Biological control strategies include natural plant-and animal-derived compounds, as well as antagonistic micro-organisms (Ciani & Fatichenti, 2001).During recent decades, microbiological control of spoilage micro-organisms has evolved as a possibility. Many yeast strains and other micro-organisms inhibiting plant pathogens have been reported, especially within the fruit-and vegetable-producing sector, and several new products have reached the commercial market (Janisiewicz & Korsten, 2002). The suggested modes of action of biocontrol yeasts are not likely to constitute any hazard for the consumer (Janisiewicz et al., 2001;Masih & Paul, 2002;Comitini et al., 2004;Santos & Marquina, 2004a).The food and beverage industries were among the first to explore the application of killer-toxin-producing yeasts to kill spoilage micro-organisms (Lowes et al., 2000). Yeast strains often achieve competitive advantage by producing killer toxins, which kill off competing sensitive cells belonging to either the same or a different species (Young, 1987;Ciani & Fatichenti, 2001). The most thoroughly studied examples are the Saccharomyces cerevisiae toxins K1, K2 and K28; producers of these toxi...

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“…␤-(1,3)-Glucans produced by M. restricta are relatively small molecules (ϳ30 -100 glucose units/glucan chain; Fig. 3), whereas it has been estimated at 1500 glucose units/chain or more in S. cerevisiae (40,45). M. restricta ␤-(1,3)-glucan possesses a higher branching level compared with other fungal species (14% instead of 3, 4, and 5% in S. cerevisiae, A. fumigatus, and S. pombe, respectively) (39,45,46).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Organization of the Cell Wall Polysaccharide Core of Malassezia restricta

Stalhberger

Simenel

Clavaud

et al. 2014

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background: Cell wall of Malassezia restricta is involved in interactions with human skin. Results: Its core is composed of cross-linked polysaccharides such as chitin, chitosan, ␤-(1,3)-glucan and ␤-(1,6)-glucan. Conclusion: The composition of cell wall polysaccharides of M. restricta is unique in the fungal kingdom. Significance: The cell wall of M. restricta has evolved as a yeast that adapted to the skin microenvironment and host interactions.

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Structure of a β-(1→3)-d-glucan from yeast cell walls

Cited by 62 publications

References 0 publications

Inactivation of the KlPMR1 gene of Kluyveromyces lactis results in defective cell-wall morphogenesis

Inactivation of the KlPMR1 gene of Kluyveromyces lactis results in defective cell-wall morphogenesis

PMKT2, a new killer toxin from Pichia membranifaciens, and its promising biotechnological properties for control of the spoilage yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis

Chemical Organization of the Cell Wall Polysaccharide Core of Malassezia restricta

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