Structure evolution in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) – Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite films during in-situ uniaxial deformation

Heeley, Ellen L.; Hughes, Darren J.; Crabb, Eleanor M.; Kershaw, Matthew; Shebanova, Olga; Leung, Sandy; Mayoral, Beatriz; McNally, Tony

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2016.03.071

Cited by 22 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…The 1D profiles of the azimuthal peaks were fitted using Gaussian functions to obtain the average full width at half maximum (FWHM) values. [12,38,42] Avrami plots [43,44], using the double logarithmic from of the Avrami equation, were obtained for the isothermal crystallization measurements from Qs:…”

Section: Saxs/waxs Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…uniaxial deformation, injection moulding, melt spun fibres and shear flow) [12,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. In these studies, the MWCNTs are aligned with the polymer chains during processing (under shear flow), and so oriented NHSK morphologies are seen, where again the MWCNTs act as oriented nucleation sites for epitaxial crystallization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Recently, we have shown that during uniaxial deformation of PET-MWCNT composites (at low loadings up to 4%wt), significant improvements in the mechanical and electrical properties and bulk crystallinity compared to the neat PET homopolymer, are observed [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these studies, the MWCNTs are aligned with the polymer chains during processing (under shear flow), and so oriented NHSK morphologies are seen, where again the MWCNTs act as oriented nucleation sites for epitaxial crystallization. [12,16,18,37] The growth and formation of a polymer-MWCNT NHSK morphology is dependent on several parameters, including MWCNT diameter, periodicity of the kebabs, lamellar thickness and the processing conditions applied to the polymer-MWCNT composite. In a polymer matrix three crystalline growth scenarios are possible when filled with MWCNTs: (i) crystalline growth only occurs via nucleation on the MWCNT surface (NHSK morphology);…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The formation of a nanohybrid shish-kebab (NHSK) structure in melt-processed composites of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)

Heeley

Hughes

Crabb

et al. 2017

Polymer

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. (2017) The formation of a nanohybrid shish-kebab (NHSK) structure in meltprocessed composites of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Polymer, 117. pp. 208-219. Permanent WRAP URL:http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/87613 Copyright and reuse:The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP URL' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. KeywordsPolymer-MWCNT nanocomposites, crystalline morphology, kinetics, small-and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), nanohybrid shish-kebab structure (NHSK) AbstractThe combination of synchrotron Small-and Wide-Angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), and thermal analysis was used to follow the evolution of crystalline morphology and crystallization kinetics in a series of melt-processed composites of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The as-extruded PET-MWCNT composites underwent both hot and cold isothermal crystallizations where a final oriented nanohybrid shish-kebab (NHSK) crystalline structure was observed. An oriented NHSK structure was seen to persist even after melting and recrystallization of the composites.From the scattering data, we propose a model whereby the oriented MWCNTs act as heterogeneous nucleation surfaces (shish) and the polymer chains wrap around them and the crystallites (kebabs) grow epitaxially outwards during crystallization. However, depending on crystallization temperature, unoriented crystallites also grow in the polymer matrix, resulting in a combination of a NHSK and lamellar morphology. In contrast, the neat PET homopolymer showed the sporadic nucleation of a classic unoriented lamellar structure under the same isothermal crystallization conditions. These results provide a valuable insight into -2 -the distinctive modification of the crystalline morphology of melt-processed polymer-MWCNT composites prior to any secondary processing, having a significant impact on the use of MWCNTs as fillers in the processing and modification of the physical and mechanical properties of engineering polymers.

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Section: Saxs/waxs Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The formation of a nanohybrid shish-kebab (NHSK) structure in melt-processed composites of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)

Heeley

Hughes

Crabb

et al. 2017

Polymer

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“…Many works of static mechanical properties of MWCNTs reinforced polymer composite have been reported [2][3][4][5][6][7][8], but less work [9,10] involving mechanical properties of CNTs reinforced polymer composites under dynamic loading, especially at high strain rates. In this article, static and dynamic mechanical behavior of MWCNTs/ PA66 composites were investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties of MWCNTs/PA66 Composites under Impact Loading

Chen¹,

Mao²,

Wang³

2017

dtetr

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Long‐chain branching of polyethylene terephthalate: Rheological/thermal properties of polyethylene terephthalate/carbon nanotube nanocomposite

Dolatshah

Ahmadi

Ershad‐Langroudi

et al. 2022

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Thermal degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites is a serious issue in the manufacturing process of this nanocomposite that can limit the applications of the nanocomposite. In this study, the effects of two kinds of chain extenders, pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and pentaerythritol (PENTA), on the rheological behavior, thermal characteristics, and crystallinity of the PET were investigated. The results of shear rheology revealed improvement of the storage modulus and complex viscosity, which indicated the recoupling of broken chains, increasing the chain length, and the generation of long branches was the reason for chain extension. Also, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results clarified an increase in PET crystallization rate in the presence of CNT and chain extenders. Furthermore, SEM was performed to detect CNT dispersion in the nanocomposite, and four-probe technique test was utilized to determine the influence of CNT on the electrical properties of PET.

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Structure evolution in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) – Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite films during in-situ uniaxial deformation

Cited by 22 publications

References 46 publications

The formation of a nanohybrid shish-kebab (NHSK) structure in melt-processed composites of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)

The formation of a nanohybrid shish-kebab (NHSK) structure in melt-processed composites of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)

Mechanical Properties of MWCNTs/PA66 Composites under Impact Loading

Long‐chain branching of polyethylene terephthalate: Rheological/thermal properties of polyethylene terephthalate/carbon nanotube nanocomposite

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