Structure design and manufacturing of layered bioceramic scaffolds for load-bearing bone reconstruction

Abstract

Bioceramic scaffolds with desired bone regeneration functions have the potential to become real alternatives to autologous bone grafts for reconstruction of load-bearing and critical-sized segmental bone defects. The aim of this paper was to develop a layered scaffold structure that has the biodegradable function of common monolithic scaffolds and adequate mechanical function for surgical fixing and after surgery support. The exemplary case of this study is assumed to be a large-segment tibia or femur bone repair. The layered scaffold structure consists of a macro porous hydroxyapatite-wollastonite layer and a strong dense zirconia matrix dense layer. The bio-functional scaffold layer with interconnected freeze-dried porous structures shows excellent apatite formation, cell attachment, and cell proliferation capabilities. The mechanical functional layer provides a bending strength matching that of the compact bone.

Osteogenesis ability of CAD/CAM porous zirconia scaffolds enriched with nano-hydroxyapatite particles

“…One of the desired features of a bone scaffold is to resist functional loads as well [8]. Several studies evaluated bone reaction against optimized zirconia scaffold surfaces [9].…”

Robocasting and surface functionalization with highly bioactive glass of ZrO2 scaffolds for load bearing applications

“…29,30 The physics of resin under pressure is similar to the seepage pr lar approaches have been used also to mod into a mold containing fiber mats. 23,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] T in these cases to determine the resin flow ing times corresponding to different infilt Preceramic polycarbosilane polymers as precursors to make ceramic fibers 10,3 trix. [7][8][9]40,41 The chemical and volume ch pany ceramization of the polymer during documented in several studies.…”

“…[25][26][27][28][29][30] The repair of critical-size defects in skeletal parts subjected to load requires stronger ceramic materials. This restricts the range of viable options to yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] combinations of YSZ with bioactive materials such as hydroxyapatite (HA), [27][28][29][30] bioactive glasses, 33,36 TiO 2 . 41 Unfortunately, upon sintering, HA reacts with ZrO 2 to form calcium zirconate and other calcium phosphate phases that negatively affect densification and the mechanical properties of the resulting composites.…”

“…Therefore, different strategies for depositing bioactive coatings on bioinert implant materials have been regarded with increasing interest as reviewed elsewhere. 49,50 The infiltration of slurries containing dispersed bioactive powders of HA, 33,34,48 β-TCP, 34,51 FA, 39 or bioactive glasses 36,42 has been proposed as an alternative method for coating bio inert implants but with unsatisfactory results.…”

“…29,30 The physics of resin flow into a mold under pressure is similar to the seepage problem and so similar approaches have been used also to model the flow of resin into a mold containing fiber mats. 23,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] The models are used in these cases to determine the resin flow front and mold filling times corresponding to different infiltration conditions.…”