Structure and spectroscopy of the supercapacitor material hydrous ruthenium oxide, RuO₂·xH₂o, by neutron scattering*

Abstract

The optimal supercapacitor material has x = 0.5-0.7, and in this range the surface is fully hydroxylated. This provides a route for the proton transport: a proton can attach to a surface hydroxyl to generate coordinated water, proton transport then occurs along the hydrogen-bonded chain by a Grotthuss mechanism.

Investigation of Commercial Graphenes

“…PdO.H 2 O and RuO 2 . x H 2 O, Figure e and this gives rise to broad, features in both the translational (0–400 cm −1 ) and librational (400–1200 cm −1 ) regions. This is in contrast to the structured features of ice I h , Figure f.…”

“…This is very strongly held as overnight evacuation at 120 °C resulted in only a tiny change in mass. Adsorbed water is usually disordered, as seen for water on e. g. PdO.H 2 O [20] and RuO 2 .xH 2 O, [21] Figure 4e and this gives rise to broad, features in both the translational (0-400 cm À 1 ) and librational (400-1200 cm À 1 ) regions. This is in contrast to the structured features of ice I h , Figure 4f.…”

New monoclinic ruthenium dioxide with highly selective hydrogenation activity

“…This proton-hopping process might be related to the Grotthuss mechanism. 35 The vacant interstitial sites appear to serve as highly efficient conduits for rapid proton-hopping leading to the exceptional catalytic activity of H x RuO 2 .…”

Characterisation of hydration water in Nafion membrane

“…In contrast, the bands of the n ¼ 4 and 5 compounds are broad with little structure and are much more characteristic of those seen for disordered water on surfaces. [20][21][22] From the ratio of water to sulfonic acid in Table 1 and by knowing how the protons are organised in the TFSA$nH 2 O compounds, we can deduce how the water is present in the Naon samples. Thus Naon dried at 180 C would be expected to only contain sulfonic acid groups; the samples dried in the glove box and over P 2 O 5 would contain only H 3 O + ions; the asreceived and dried over MgCl 2 samples would contain largely H 9 O 4 + ions and the sample soaked in water would be a mixture of H 9 O 4 + ions and water.…”