“…16 Their formation kinetics is based on the methanol's tendency to react with photogenerated agents, i.e., electrons and holes. 35,36 More specifically, the adsorption of methanol molecules on the TiO 2 surface can result in their reduction to methoxy anions through interaction with photogenerated electrons, 16 while holes act as oxidizing agents, leading to the formation of formaldehyde molecules under irradiation. 30,32 Therefore, it is essential to understand the dynamics of the charge carrier variations under representative conditions, i.e., at a wide range of operating temperatures and under high-energy ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, which leads to photoinduced surface oxygen vacancies (PI-SOVs).…”