Hydration is ubiquitous
in any kind of water–substance interaction
such as in various interfacial and biological processes. Despite substantial
progress made to date, however, still less explored is the hydration
behavior on complex heterogeneous surfaces, such as the water surrounding
the protein, which requires a platform that enables systematic investigation
at the atomic scale. Here, we realized a heterogeneous self-assembled
monolayer system that allows both controllable mixing with hydrophobic
or hydrophilic groups and precise distance control of the functional
carboxyl groups from the surface by methylene spacer groups. Using
surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), we first demonstrated
the hydrophobic (or hydrophilic) mixing ratio-dependent p
K
a
variation of the carboxyl group. Interestingly, we observed
a counterintuitive, non-monotonic behavior that a fractionally mixed
hydrophobic group can induce significant enhancement of dielectric
strength of the interfacial water. In particular, such a fractional
mixing substantially decreases the amide coupling efficiency at the
surface, as manifested by the corresponding p
K
a
decrease. The SERS-based platform we demonstrated can be
widely applied for atomically precise control and molecular-level
characterization of hydration water on various heterogeneous surfaces
of biological and industrial importance.