Structure and development of the pitchers from the carnivorous plant<i>Nepenthes alata</i> (Nepenthaceae)

Owen, T. Page; Lennon, Kristen A.

doi:10.2307/2656921

Cited by 75 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…A ação da endoderme impedindo o movimento apoplástico e o conseqüente refluxo da secreção é reportada para diversas estruturas secretoras (Lüttge 1971;Fahn 1988;McDade & Turner 1997;Owen & Lennon 1999;Fahn 2000).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Ontogênese, anatomia e ultra-estrutura dos nectários extraflorais de Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae)

Paiva

Machado

2006

Acta Bot. Bras.

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Recebido em 1/03/2004. Aceito em 7/11/2005 RESUMO -(Ontogênese, anatomia e ultra-estrutura dos nectários extraflorais de Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (FabaceaeCaesalpinioideae)). O jatobá-do-cerrado (Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne) apresenta nectários extraflorais (NEFs), os quais são descritos pela primeira vez no gênero. Neste trabalho foram estudadas a distribuição, ontogênese, estrutura e ultra-estrutura dos nectários extraflorais (NEFs). Amostras de folhas em várias fases de desenvolvimento foram coletadas, fixadas e processadas para estudos em microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão e varredura, segundo técnicas convencionais. Testes histoquímicos foram empregados para determinar a natureza química da secreção. Os NEFs estão distribuídos por todo o limbo, sendo mais concentrados nos terços basal e médio de cada folíolo. Estes nectários são embutidos no mesofilo, apresentam tecido secretor envolvido por uma endoderme e são vascularizados por xilema e floema. A atividade secretora dos NEFs é limitada à fase juvenil da folha. Nas folhas mais velhas, os NEFs tornam-se não funcionais. O tecido secretor dos NEFs é formado a partir da protoderme, enquanto a endoderme tem origem no meristema fundamental. No tecido secretor de nectários funcionais as células apresentam citoplasma denso, núcleo volumoso, mitocôndrias, plastídios com sistema de membranas pouco desenvolvido, gotas de óleo dispersas no citosol, dictiossomos e segmentos de retículo endoplasmático liso. A secreção é liberada por meio de rupturas cuticulares e apresenta polissacarídeos e lipídios.Palavras-chave: cerrado, nectário, secreção, ultra-estrutura ABSTRACT -(Ontogenesis, anatomy, and ultrastructure of Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (Fabaceae -Caesalpinioideae) extrafloral nectaries). Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne, known as "jatobá-do-cerrado" has extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), which are reported for the first time in Hymenaea genus. In this research the origin, distribution, structure, and ultrastructure of the EFNs were studied. Samples of leaflets at different developmental stages were collected, fixed and processed by standard methods for analyses at light and electronic microscopes; histochemical tests were employed to determine the nature of secretion products. EFNs are distributed all over leaf blade, more concentrated on the basal and medial thirds of each leaflet. These nectaries are embedded in the mesophyll, show secretory tissue surrounded by an endodermis, and are vascularized by xylem and phloem. EFN secretory activity was exclusively observed in young leaves. The protoderm origins the EFN secretory tissue, the ground meristem originates the endodermis and the procambium originates the vascular tissues. Secretory cells of functional EFNs showed dense cytoplasm, large nucleus, mitochondria, plastids with a poorly developed membrane system, oil drops scattered in the cytosol, dictyosome, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum segments. Secretion was released by cuticle rupture and contains polysaccharides and...

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Section: Discussionunclassified

Ontogênese, anatomia e ultra-estrutura dos nectários extraflorais de Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae)

Paiva

Machado

2006

Acta Bot. Bras.

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“…In carnivorous plants, digestive glands develop an endodermal layer in order to restrict apoplastic flow (Fineran & Gilbertson 1980;Owen & Lennon 1999).…”

Section: Stomata-free Nectariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How does the nectar of stomata-free nectaries cross the cuticle?

Paiva

2017

Acta Bot. Bras.

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In many glandular structures, departure from the cell is only one step in the process of exudate release to the plant surface. Here the set of events that lead nectar to the external environment is presented and discussed mainly for stomata-free nectaries. After being synthesized, the nectar or some of its component needs to be released to the environment where it performs its functions. Nectar precursors derived from cell metabolism need to cross several barriers, such as the cell membrane and cell wall, in order to become nectar. Th en the nectar must cross the cuticle or pass through stomata in order to be off ered to plant mutualists. Release through stomata is a simple mechanism, but the ways by which nectar crosses the cuticle is still controversial. Hydrophilic pathways in the cuticle and repetitive cycles of rupture or cuticle detachment are the main routes for nectar release in stomata-free nectaries. In addition to nectar, there are other exogenous secretions that must leave the protoplast and reach the plant surface to perform their function. Th e ways by which nectar is released discussed herein are likely relevant to understanding the release of other hydrophilic products of the secretory process of plants.

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“…Because the general morphology of Nepenthes pitchers has been covered extensively by others (2,5,21), only aspects relevant for this study will be presented here. The edge of the pitcher mouth (peristome) is a broad collar-shaped structure (Fig.…”

Section: Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect aquaplaning: Nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome, a fully wettable water-lubricated anisotropic surface

Bohn

Federle

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

668

511

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Pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes have highly specialized leaves adapted to attract, capture, retain, and digest arthropod prey. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the capture of insects, ranging from slippery epicuticular wax crystals to downward-pointing lunate cells and alkaloid secretions that anesthetize insects. Here we report that perhaps the most important capture mechanism has thus far remained overlooked. It is based on special surface properties of the pitcher rim (peristome) and insect ''aquaplaning.'' The peristome is characterized by a regular microstructure with radial ridges of smooth overlapping epidermal cells, which form a series of steps toward the pitcher inside. This surface is completely wettable by nectar secreted at the inner margin of the peristome and by rain water, so that homogenous liquid films cover the surface under humid weather conditions. Only when wet, the peristome surface is slippery for insects, so that most ant visitors become trapped. By measuring friction forces of weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) on the peristome surface of Nepenthes bicalcarata, we demonstrate that the two factors preventing insect attachment to the peristome, i.e., water lubrication and anisotropic surface topography, are effective against different attachment structures of the insect tarsus. Peristome water films disrupt attachment only for the soft adhesive pads but not for the claws, whereas surface topography leads to anisotropic friction only for the claws but not for the adhesive pads. Experiments on Nepenthes alata show that the trapping mechanism of the peristome is also essential in Nepenthes species with waxy inner pitcher walls.

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Structure and development of the pitchers from the carnivorous plantNepenthes alata (Nepenthaceae)

Cited by 75 publications

References 25 publications

Ontogênese, anatomia e ultra-estrutura dos nectários extraflorais de Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae)

Ontogênese, anatomia e ultra-estrutura dos nectários extraflorais de Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae)

How does the nectar of stomata-free nectaries cross the cuticle?

Insect aquaplaning: Nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome, a fully wettable water-lubricated anisotropic surface

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