Structure and content of hallucinations in alcohol withdrawal and functional psychosis.

Mean Age, Sex Ratio and Psychopathology in Alcohol Psychoses

“…Alpert and Silvers [1] pointed out that an alco holic's hallucinations are localized in space and have greater frequency than those in schizophrenics; schizophrenics' hallucina tions have a 'cognitive taint', are poorly lo calized and show a 'sensitivity to emotional arousal'. As Deiker and Chambers [9] dis covered, schizophrenics and alcoholics hal lucinate voices in the second or third person only. Victor and Hope [25] pointed out that half of the patients with alcohol hallucinosis hear the voices of relatives or other persons they know.…”

Visual hallucinations in psychiatric conditions: Appraisals and their relationship to distress

“…Other studies, usually addressing different issues such as prevalence, have given brief, anecdotal descriptions of these phenomena (e.g. Deiker & Chambers, 1978; Zarroug, 1975). This contrasts with the availability of detailed studies of visions in Parkinson's disease Fenelon et al , 2000), visual degeneration (Santhouse, Howard, & ffytche, 2000), and other conditions.…”

Believing is seeing in schizophrenia: The role of top-down processing

“…GABA may also be implicated Values are averaged proportions (weighted by sample size) plus or minus 95% CI. Sources: (1) Holroyd et al (2001); (2) Barnes & David (2001); (3) Aarsland et al (2001a); (4) Fenelon et al (2000); (5) Murgatroyd & Prettyman (2001); (6) ffytche & Howard (1999); (7) Brown & Murphy (1992); (8) Ballard et al (2001); (9) Cutting (1997); (10) Santhouse et al (2000); (11) Lindal et al (1994); (12) Lepore (1990); (13) Nesher et al (2001); (14) Deiker & Chambers (1978); (15) Pliskin et al (1996); (16) Teunisse et al (1996); (17) Vaphiades et al (1996); (18) Gauntlett-Gilbert & Kuipers (2003); (19) Soros et al (2003); (20) ; (21) Zarroug (1975); (22) Scott et al (2001); (23) Schulman et al (1967); (24) Needham & Taylor (2000). Both random and systematic biases cannot be excluded at present.…”

“…Estimates for the prevalence of specific categories are: dementia with Lewy bodies (150,000), vascular dementia (112,500), and Alzheimer's disease (412,500) (calculated from rates in Stevens et al 2002); schizophrenia (1% of adult population; www.nelh. Sources: (1) Nesher et al (2001); (2) Deiker & Chambers (1978); (3) Pliskin et al (1996); (4) Teunisse et al (1996); (5) Asaad & Shapiro (1986); (6) Schultz & Melzack (1993); (7) Fernandez et al (1997); (8) Gauntlett-Gilbert & Kuipers (2003); (9) Delespaul et al (2002); (10) Vaphiades et al (1996); Others include rare disorders (under 0.5% of the population), or unsystematic series, or single case reports, for example, epilepsy, stroke, narcolepsy, pedunculopontine hallucinosis, fatal familial insomnia, and progressive supranuclear palsy.…”

“…(11) Noda et al (1993); (12) Godwin-Austin (1999); (13) Manford & Andermann (1998); (14) Kolmel (1993); (15) Risser & Powell (1993); (16) Diederich et al (2000); (17) Santhouse et al (2000); (18) Schultz et al (1996); (19) Paulson (1997); (20) Zarroug (1975); (21) Barnes & David (2001); (22) Holroyd et al (2001); (23) Fenelon et al (2000); (24) Gold & Rabins (1989); (25) Deiker & Chambers 1978;Fenelon et al 2000;Gauntlett-Gilbert & Kuipers 2003;Goetz 1999;Holroyd et al 2001;Needham & Taylor 2000;Noda et al 1993;Ohayon 2000;Simard et al 2003;Zarroug 1975). Thus, people with visual hallucinations may have auditory hallucinations of voices, but it is very rare to hallucinate a figure that talks (Gauntlett-Gilbert & Kuipers 2003).…”