Structural perturbation of diphtheria toxoid upon adsorption to aluminium hydroxide adjuvant

Structure and Function of Adsorbed Hemoglobin on Silica Nanoparticles: Relationship between the Adsorption Process and the Oxygen Binding Properties

“…The biological applications of NMs are expanding in food industry, cosmetics, pharmacology and medicine, covering a number of different uses from antimicrobial coating and targeted drug delivery to material biocompatibility and imaging [8][9][10] . In particular, the rapid growth of nanomedicine has seen a large set of NMs being investigated to evaluate their potential as drug carriers, vaccine adjuvants, biocompatible implants or diagnostic probes [11][12][13] . The number of products containing NMs has been multiplied by five between 2006 and 2011 and over 1800 products containing…”

Subunit Vaccine Delivery

“…However, a number of discrepancies are evident and no general statements regarding the structural perturbation and its signifi cance for effi cacy can be deduced. Some proteins unfold upon immobilization Zheng et al 2007a ;Zheng et al 2007b ;Regnier et al 2012 ) while others maintain their conformational integrity and/or are even stabilized Agopian et al 2007 ). The discrepancies between the studies can been explained by (1) the highly unique characteristics of each protein, (2) the difference in the analytical approach taken, and (3) protein concentration may infl uence and change protein adsorption patterns ( Bai and Dong 2009 ;Clapp et al 2011 ).…”

“…The discrepancies between the studies can been explained by (1) the highly unique characteristics of each protein, (2) the difference in the analytical approach taken, and (3) protein concentration may infl uence and change protein adsorption patterns ( Bai and Dong 2009 ;Clapp et al 2011 ). Direct characterization of aluminum-bound antigen has been achieved by using techniques such as fl uorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), microcalorimetry techniques, and circular dichroism (CD) (Regnier et al 2012 ). Since the particulate nature of alum is a potential source of artifacts for the above-mentioned techniques, some antigen integrity studies are performed upon desorption/separation from the adjuvant (Hutcheon et al 2006 ).…”

Identification of Formaldehyde-Induced Modifications in Diphtheria Toxin

“…Interest has arisen in structural characterization of diphtheria, tetanus, and Clostridium difficile toxins [7][8][9][10][11][12] and toxoids. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Three reasons for this increased attention can be deduced from the literature, including (1) the development of analytical tests for quality control of toxoid-containing vaccines, (2) the development of advanced vaccine formulations for toxoid vaccines and (3) the use of toxoids as carrier proteins in conjugate vaccines:…”

“…(1) Several biophysical and immunochemical tests have been developed to assess the quality of toxoid-containing vaccines. 16,18,19,21,23,25,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] These tests are valuable for examination of the purity, safety, potency, and stability of a product to reveal the impact of changes in a production process. 38,39 (2) Furthermore, the development of innovative vaccine formulations with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids has demanded detailed structural characterization of the toxoids.…”