Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth.

Carpita, Nick; Gibeaut, DM

doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1993.00999.x

Cited by 767 publications

(888 citation statements)

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“…Pectin consists of HG, RG-I, and RG-II domains and is associated with cell wall polymers through covalent and noncovalent bonds via these domains (3,4,11,17,23). The presence of divalent calcium ions allows ionic cross-linking between the galacturonic acid residues in the HG domains, resulting in the formation of pectin gel.…”

Section: Involvement Of Npgut1 In the Biosynthesis And Function Of Pementioning

confidence: 99%

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A pectin glucuronyltransferase gene is essential for intercellular attachment in the plant meristem

Iwai

Masaoka

Ishii

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

232

234

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Intercellular attachment is an essential process in the morphogenesis of multicellular organisms. A unique mutant, nolac-H18 (nonorganogenic callus with loosely attached cells), generated by T-DNA transformation using leaf-disk cultures of haploid Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, lost the ability to form tight intercellular attachments and adventitious shoots. The gene tagged with T-DNA, named NpGUT1 (glucuronyltransferase 1), was similar to the gene for the catalytic domains of animal glucuronyltransferases and was expressed predominantly in shoot and root apical meristems. The transformation of NpGUT1 complemented the nolac-H18 mutation, and the expression of antisense NpGUT1 RNA produced crumbled shoots. The mutation caused defects in the glucuronic acid of rhamnogalacturonan II of pectin, which drastically reduced the formation of borate cross-linking of rhamnogalacturonan II. NpGUT1, which encodes a unique glucuronyltransferase, is a glycosyltransferase gene identified in pectin biosynthesis and is essential for intercellular attachment in plant meristems and tissues. S patially and temporally controlled intercellular attachment and communication are indispensable for the organization of plant tissues, making them critical for normal development and morphogenesis in every multicellular organism. Plant cell walls are composed primarily of cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose, pectic polysaccharides, and small amounts of structural proteins (1-3). Pectin is believed to be involved in intercellular attachment because it is localized mainly in the primary cell wall, middle lamella, and cell corners. Pectin consists mostly of three structurally well-characterized polysaccharides: homogalacturonans (HGs) and highly branched rhamnogalacturonans I and II (RG-I and RG-II). Compared with cellulose and hemicellulose, little is known about the synthesis and assembly of pectins. The biosynthesis of HG, RG-I, and RG-II likely requires at least 41 unique glycosyltransferases (1). The activities of several transferases involved in the biosynthesis of pectin have been identified (1). However, none of these enzymes have been purified, and their genes have never been identified.Recently, we established a system for producing mutants called nolac (nonorganogenic callus with loosely attached cells) by T-DNA transformation, which involves in vitro cultures of leaf disks of haploid Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (4). These mutants are defective in intercellular attachment, which results in the failure of organogenesis. Haploid N. plumbaginifolia plants (5) are suitable for generating and studying such mutants, because mutations have a direct effect on phenotype and because cells with embryo-lethal mutations can be maintained in tissue culture as unorganized callus, which enables us to analyze mutant cell walls. We identified 199 lines of callus with loosely attached cells from cultures of 2,970 leaf disks that had been transformed with T-DNA. Although, only 25 of these continued to grow on the medium, nolac-H18 had a growth rate that was s...

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Section: Involvement Of Npgut1 In the Biosynthesis And Function Of Pementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant cell walls are composed primarily of cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose, pectic polysaccharides, and small amounts of structural proteins (1)(2)(3). Pectin is believed to be involved in intercellular attachment because it is localized mainly in the primary cell wall, middle lamella, and cell corners.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A pectin glucuronyltransferase gene is essential for intercellular attachment in the plant meristem

Iwai

Masaoka

Ishii

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

232

234

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“…Proteins, phenolics and possibly lipids make up the remainder of the wall (1)(2)(3). To date, most research interest has been in the carbohydrate components because of considerations of their structural role and commercial interest.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, most research interest has been in the carbohydrate components because of considerations of their structural role and commercial interest. This has led to a number of models for the integration, interpolymeric association, and assembly of the wall (3,4). By comparison, our knowledge of the complexity of protein in the plant cell wall is in a less advanced state.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Extraction and Protein Sequencing Reveals Major Differences in Patterns of Primary Cell Wall Proteins from Plants

Robertson¹,

Mitchell²,

Gilroy³

et al. 1997

Journal of Biological Chemistry

123

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The proteins of the primary cell walls of suspension cultured cells of five plant species, Arabidopsis, carrot, French bean, tomato, and tobacco, have been compared. The approach that has been adopted is differential extraction followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), rather than two-dimensional gel analysis, to facilitate protein sequencing. Whole cells were washed sequentially with the following aqueous solutions, CaCl 2 , CDTA (cyclohexane diaminotetraacetic acid, DTT (dithiothreitol), NaCl, and borate. SDS-PAGE analysis showed consistent differences between species. From the 233 proteins that were selected for sequencing, 63% gave N-terminal data. This analysis shows that (i) patterns of proteins revealed by SDS-PAGE are strikingly different for all five species, (ii) a large number of these proteins cannot be identified by data base searches indicating that a significant proportion of wall proteins have not been previously described, (iii) the major proteins that can be identified belong to very different classes of proteins, (iv) the majority of proteins found in the extracellular growth media are absent from their respective cell wall extracts, and (v) the results of the extraction process are indicative of higher order structure. It appears that aspects of speciation reside in the complement of extracellular wall proteins. The data represent a protein resource for cell wall studies complementary to EST (expressed sequence tag) and DNA sequencing strategies.The plant cell wall is a dynamic system generally considered to be composed of more than 90% carbohydrate polymers. Proteins, phenolics and possibly lipids make up the remainder of the wall (1-3). To date, most research interest has been in the carbohydrate components because of considerations of their structural role and commercial interest. This has led to a number of models for the integration, interpolymeric association, and assembly of the wall (3, 4). By comparison, our knowledge of the complexity of protein in the plant cell wall is in a less advanced state. Much of the understanding of the range of structural wall proteins has come from cDNA and genomic cloning exercises and has led to the identification of glycine-, cysteine-, proline-, and hydroxyproline-rich subsets of wall proteins. In addition, many extracellular enzymes have been identified that are required for the restructuring and modification of this dynamic extracellular matrix which underpin its role in defense, detoxification, signaling, cell-cell recognition, cell expansion, cell adhesion, cell separation, translocation, differentiation, and morphogenesis (2, 5, 6). However, there is a lack of direct studies on the proteins themselves and the true range of extracellular proteins and their species differences remains to be elucidated. The present work describes the systematic extraction and sequencing of the major primary wall proteins from five species representing four families of plants.Since whole plant tissue is complicated by the presence of different tissue...

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“…The ability of Ca to retard ripening and senescence and reduce the postharvest development of diseases is thought to be due to strengthening of cell walls and maintenance of membrane selective permeability and integrity (DeMarty et al 1984). Calcium strengthens cell walls by cross-linking the pectic polymers in the cell wall and middle lamella (Carpita and Gibeaut 1993), thereby making them less accessible to attack by fungal pectolytic enzymes (Bateman and Lumsden 1965;Stockwell and Hanchey 1982;McGuire and Kelman 1986;Conway et al 1992). Restricting tissue maceration and the subsequent release of free Ca 2+ ions from the cell wall may also reduce decay by preventing host signalling and the activation of enzymes involved in pathogenesis (Pagel and Heitefuss 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree vigour influences disease susceptibility of 'Hass' avocado fruits

Willingham

Coates

Cooke

et al. 2004

Austral. Plant Pathol.

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Abstract. Differences in tree vigour as a result of feeder root destruction by Phytophthora cinnamomi were found to significantly (P < 0.05) influence disease susceptibility, fruit ripening rates and fruit size of 'Hass' avocado. Fruits from root rot-affected, non-vigorous trees had less anthracnose and took longer to ripen. However, they were probably unmarketable due to their small fruit size compared with fruits from healthy vigorous trees. Fruits from non-vigorous trees also had less pepper spot than vigorous trees, but only on the inside of the tree canopy. The increased disease resistance of fruits from non-vigorous trees was related to a 40% increase in the concentration of Ca in the fruit flesh.A P 0 3 0 7 9 T r e e v i g o u r i n f l u e n c e s a v o c a d o f r u i t d i s e a s e s S . L . W i l l i n g h a m e t a l .

show abstract

Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth.

Cited by 767 publications

References 0 publications

A pectin glucuronyltransferase gene is essential for intercellular attachment in the plant meristem

A pectin glucuronyltransferase gene is essential for intercellular attachment in the plant meristem

Differential Extraction and Protein Sequencing Reveals Major Differences in Patterns of Primary Cell Wall Proteins from Plants

Tree vigour influences disease susceptibility of 'Hass' avocado fruits

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