Structural investigation of two carbon nitride solids produced by cathodic arc deposition and nitrogen implantation

Merchant, A. R.; McCulloch, D. G.; McKenzie, David R.; Yin, Y.; Hall, Lachlan E.; Gerstner, Ed

doi:10.1063/1.361515

Cited by 68 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…31,32 The finite value of modes around 3300 cm Ϫ1 in N-free films indicates a contribution from H-CϵC-groups as well as ϭN-H groups. Infrared peaks observed at 2325 cm Ϫ1 in cathodic arc deposited a-C͑:N͒ films by Merchant et al 33 has also been ascribed to triple bonded carbon. The intensity of the N-H modes at 3140-3350 cm Ϫ1 is seen to increase rapidly with N content.…”

Section: Infrared Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 93%

Nitrogen modification of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films

Silva

Robertson

Amaratunga

et al. 1997

Journal of Applied Physics

341

130

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The effect of nitrogen addition on the structural and electronic properties of hydrogenated amorphous carbon ͑a-C:H͒ films has been characterized in terms of its composition, sp 3 bonding fraction, infrared and Raman spectra, optical band gap, conductivity, and paramagnetic defect. The variation of conductivity with nitrogen content suggests that N acts as a weak donor, with the conductivity first decreasing and then increasing as the Fermi level moves up in the band gap. Compensated behavior is found at about 7 at. % N, for the deposition conditions used here, where a number of properties show extreme behavior. The paramagnetic defect density and the Urbach tailwidth are each found to decrease with increasing N content. It is unusual to find alloy additions decreasing disorder in this manner.

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Section: Infrared Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 93%

Nitrogen modification of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films

Silva

Robertson

Amaratunga

et al. 1997

Journal of Applied Physics

341

130

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“…4 Extensive experimental effort has been placed on preparing carbon nitride materials using physical deposition and other techniques. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] In general, the materials produced in these studies have been amorphous with nitrogen compositions less than 50%. [5][6][7][8] Early on our group 6 and others 7 reported the observation of small ␤-C 3 N 4 crystallites on the basis of electron diffraction data.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In support of this analysis, we note that all recent electron energy loss spectroscopy ͑EELS͒ studies, which provide an unambiguous determination of the local carbon coordination, have found dominant sp 2 or sp 2 /sp carbon bonding. [9][10][11][12] Hence, it is important to ask whether it is possible to obtain high-density, sp 3 -bonded carbon nitride solids using physical deposition techniques; that is, does the incorporation of nitrogen intrinsically favor low-density, sp 2 -bonded carbon? Indeed, previous studies of nitrogen-doped DLC indicate that carbon relaxes to sp 2 bonding at less than 5% nitrogen composition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen-drivensp3tosp2transformation in carbon nitride materials

1998

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The coordination of carbon as a function of nitrogen concentration in energetically deposited carbon nitride films has been systematically studied. A structural transformation from primarily sp 3-bonded to sp 2-bonded carbon and a density decrease from 3.3 to 2.1 g/cm 3 were observed as the nitrogen concentration increases from 11 to 17 %. Calculations on nitrogen-substituted carbon clusters indicate that there is a preference to form sp 2-bonded carbon when the nitrogen concentration is larger than 12%. The implications for these results to the synthesis of superhard carbon nitride materials are discussed. ͓S0163-1829͑98͒51006-5͔

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“…A poor fit of the atomic scattering factor of carbon to its electron diffraction data, such as for glassy carbon, has often occurred previously (Hall, 1991. Davis 1993, Muller 1994, Merchant et al 1996.…”

Section: The Carbon-nitrogen S-wtemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4.3.1. Experimental and Calculated G(r) Energy-filtered electron diffraction patterns of CN were collected by Merchant et al (1996). The reduced intensity functions 4(s) were calculated using equation (4) and their G(r) were evaluated using equation (16).…”

Section: The Carbon-nitrogen S-wtemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coordination number determination in binary alloys using electron diffraction

Hall

McKenzie

2000

Philosophical Magazine A

Self Cite

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The theory for the extraction of accurate coordination numbers from diffraction data is extended to the case of systems containing more than one type of atom. The cases where the atoms have atomic scattering factors which are not related by a simple scale factor is treated in detail. However, it is found that by the use of known test structures the general method is only required in extreme cases if 2% error is regarded as satisfactory.Electron diffraction is a convenient method for studying structure in amorphous and polycrystalline materials, especially when they are in the form of a thin film. Techniques have been developed, for example by Graczyk and Moss (1969), Cockayne and McKenzie (19SS), and Cockayne et al. (1991), for rapidly collecting the electron diffraction intensity from amorphous and polycrystalline thin films, and for transforming it to a reduced density function G ( r ) . While the electron diffraction technique gives accurate (to 0.0 1 A) nearest-neighbour distances for both elemental and alloy films, it has been found in practical situations that there are considerable difficulties in obtaining accurate coordination numbers from G ( r ) in the case of binary materials. In this paper, the existing methods for determining the coordination numbers of binary materials are refined in order to improve their accuracy. As an example, carbon-nitrogen alloys will be used. 2. THEORY FOR BINARY ALLOYSThe calculation of the diffracted intensity from an amorphous material with more than one type of atom was discussed by Warren (1990). Here we present a new formulation and derive results which are in a form ready to use. We illustrate the application of the formulation using artificially generated data. We begin with the Debye (1915) equation for the diffracted intensity from an array of atoms which takes all orientations in space relative to a fixed incident beam direction. The Debye (1915) equation is exact in the first Born approximation and may be written as t

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Structural investigation of two carbon nitride solids produced by cathodic arc deposition and nitrogen implantation

Cited by 68 publications

References 22 publications

Nitrogen modification of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films

Nitrogen modification of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films

Nitrogen-drivensp3tosp2transformation in carbon nitride materials

Coordination number determination in binary alloys using electron diffraction

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