High-potential
Mn3+/Mn2+ redox couple (>1.3
V vs SHE) in a static battery system is rarely reported due to the
shuttle and disproportionation of Mn3+ in aqueous solutions.
Herein, based on reversible stripping/plating of the Sn anode and
stabilized Mn2+/Mn3+ redox couple in the cathode,
an aqueous Sn–Mn full battery is established in acidic electrolytes.
Sn anode exhibits high deposition efficiency, low polarization, and
excellent stability in acidic electrolytes. With the help of H+ and a complexing agent, a reversible conversion between Mn2+ and Mn3+ ions takes place on the graphite surface.
Pyrophosphate ligand is initially employed to form a protective layer
through a complexation process with Sn4+ on the electrode
surface, effectively preventing Mn3+ from disproportionation
and hindering the uncontrollable diffusion of Mn3+ to electrolytes.
Benefiting from the rational design, the full battery delivers satisfied
electrochemical performance including a large capacity (0.45 mAh cm–2 at 5 mA cm–2), high discharge plateau
voltage (>1.6 V), excellent rate capability (58% retention from
5
to 30 mA cm–2), and superior cycling stability (no
decay after 30 000 cycles). The battery design strategy realizes
a robustly stable Mn3+/Mn2+ redox reaction,
which broadens research into ultrafast acidic battery systems.