Progress in self-powered wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring (SHM) have motivated the development of power-efficient data communication protocols. One such approach is the energy-aware pulse switching architecture, which employs ultrasonic pulses to transmit binary data through the material substrate. However, this technology creates time delays on the generated data due to the power budgets demanded for sensing and communication. The nature of data collected from such protocol thus requires the development of new analysis and interpretation methods. This study presents a robust damage identification strategy for aircraft structures, within the context of data-driven SHM, using discrete time-delayed binary data. A novel machine learning framework integrating low-rank matrix completion, pattern recognition, k-nearest neighbor, and a data fusion model was developed for damage identification. Performance and accuracy of the proposed data-driven SHM strategy was investigated and tested for an aircraft horizontal stabilizer wing.Damage states were simulated on a finite element model by reducing stiffness in a region of the stabilizer's skin. The reliability of the proposed strategy with noise-polluted data was also validated. Further, the effect of variations in harvested energy on the performance of the approach was investigated. Results demonstrate that the developed machine learning framework can effectively detect the presence and location of damage based on time-delayed binary data from a self-powered sensor network. and sensing data becomes a significant concern. Harvesting power from ambient energy was thus introduced to address the problem, and it has attracted significant attention in recent years. Energy harvesting technologies were developed to extend the lifetime of WSNs by addressing the energy constraint problem. 9 Recently, self-powered sensors have become a reality by overcoming the gap between the achievable scavenged energy and the energy required for sensing, computing, and communication, 10,11 thus leading to the emergence of power-efficient WSNs.Recently, the authors have developed an energy-aware through-substrate ultrasonic self-powered sensor network for SHM on the basis of what is termed "pulse switching protocol." 12 The major feature of pulse switching is to minimize the communication energy demand in a sensor network by using a minimal number of pulses to represent the event location and forwarding information. However, the communicated data are in a binary format, resulting in discrete and asynchronous event-based binary information at the data collection unit, or sink. To tackle the nature of discrete binary data, the authors previously presented an SHM approach based on pattern recognition (PR) assuming full data availability for damage detection in plate-like structures. 13-15 PR methods were examined only from the aspect of dealing with binary data. Yet an SHM system employing pulse switching technology requires dealing with power budgets for measuring and communi...